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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Targets |
Heparan Sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan that plays a crucial role in various biological processes, including cell signaling, coagulation, and development. It interacts with a wide range of proteins, including growth factors, cytokines, and enzymes, modulating their activity. It does not have a single pharmacological target but acts as a co-receptor for many signaling molecules.
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| ln Vitro |
Heparan sulfate is a member of the glycosaminoglycan family and is a linear polysaccharide. Heparan sulfate is usually 50–200 disaccharides long and is composed of residues of glucuronic acid (GlcA) and iduronic acid (IdoA) as well as N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) with different sulfation modifications. Heparan sulfate regulates critical developmental processes in both invertebrates and vertebrates by interacting with a wide range of proteins, such as growth factors, morphogens, and adhesion molecules. In order to maintain morphogen gradients and coreceptor function, among other mechanisms, heparan sulfate chains work as cofactors in the regulation of developmental signaling [1]. The activity and geographical distribution of proteases and protease inhibitors can be controlled by heparan sulfate proteoglycans acting as receptors for them. For different tyrosine kinase-type growth factor receptors, membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans function as coreceptors, lowering their activation threshold or changing the length of signaling responses [2]. The binding affinity of intestinal epithelial cells to Wnt is influenced by heparan sulfate, which in turn promotes the activation of canonical Wnt signaling and the regeneration of small intestine crypts following epithelial damage [3].
In vitro, Heparan Sulfate is used to study protein-glycosaminoglycan interactions. It is used as a substrate for enzymes that modify heparan sulfate, such as heparanase. Its ability to bind to various proteins, including growth factors and antithrombin III, is studied in binding assays. |
| ln Vivo |
Digestion of heparan sulfate reduces oscillatory network activity in the low theta band after fear conditioning and reduces context discriminating in a fear conditioning paradigm. Thus, heparan sulfate promotes synaptic plasticity and learning by preserving neuronal excitability [4]. Heparan sulfate amplifies the effects of the FGF-2/FGFR system, which is important in controlling astrocyte reactivity and/or proliferation in the brain [5].
In vivo, Heparan Sulfate is a key component of the extracellular matrix and cell surface. It is involved in wound healing, inflammation, and angiogenesis. It is also a component of the glomerular basement membrane, where it plays a role in renal filtration. Its interactions with various proteins regulate numerous physiological processes. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro binding assay for Heparan Sulfate involves measuring its interaction with a target protein, such as fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or antithrombin III. The compound is immobilized on a surface, and the binding of the protein is measured using surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or ELISA. Its ability to inhibit the activity of enzymes, such as heparanase, can also be measured.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell culture studies for Heparan Sulfate utilize various cell types to study its role in cell signaling and adhesion. Cells are treated with the compound or with enzymes that degrade it, and the effects on cell proliferation, migration, and signaling are assessed. Its role as a co-receptor for growth factors is studied by measuring the activation of downstream signaling pathways.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Heparan Sulfate are often performed in models of wound healing, inflammation, and cancer. The compound is administered locally or systemically, and its effects on these processes are assessed. Its role in renal function can be studied in animal models of kidney disease.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Heparan Sulfate is a polysaccharide with a molecular weight that varies depending on its source and preparation. The monomer has a molecular formula of C12H19NO20S3 and a molecular weight of approximately 593.47 g/mol. It is a hygroscopic powder that is soluble in water. It is typically stored as a powder at -20°C for long-term stability.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Heparan Sulfate are limited, as it is a research compound and a naturally occurring substance. It is generally considered to be biocompatible and non-toxic. It is not intended for human therapeutic use as a drug, although it is used in some medical devices and as a component of some pharmaceuticals.
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| References |
[1]. Kraushaar DC, et al. Heparan sulfate: a key regulator of embryonic stem cell fate. Biol Chem. 2013 Jun;394(6):741-51.
[2]. Sarrazin S, et al. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2011 Jul 1;3(7). pii: a004952. [3]. Yamamoto S, et al. Heparan sulfate on intestinal epithelial cells plays a critical role in intestinal crypt homeostasis via Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2013 Aug 1;305(3):G241-9. [4]. Minge D, et al. Heparan Sulfates Support Pyramidal Cell Excitability, Synaptic Plasticity, and Context Discrimination. Cereb Cortex. 2017 Feb 1;27(2):903-918. [5]. Gómez-Pinilla F, et al. Regulation of astrocyte proliferation by FGF-2 and heparan sulfate in vivo. J Neurosci. 1995 Mar;15(3 Pt 1):2021-9 |
| Additional Infomation |
A heteropolysaccharide with a structure similar to heparin. It accumulates in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis.
See also: Heparin sulfate (note moved to). Heparan Sulfate is a research compound with no clinical approval as a drug. It is a valuable tool for studying glycobiology, cell signaling, and the extracellular matrix. It is used in research to understand the role of glycosaminoglycans in development, disease, and tissue repair. It is also used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H23NO21S3-2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
637.52152
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| Exact Mass |
1208.948
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| CAS # |
9050-30-0
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| PubChem CID |
137699201
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
42
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
16
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| Heavy Atom Count |
74
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| Complexity |
2500
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
16
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| SMILES |
O=S(OCC1O[C@@H](OC)[C@@H](NS(=O)([O-])=O)[C@@H](OS(=O)([O-])=O)[C@H]1O[C@@H]2OC(C([O-])=O)[C@H](O[C@@H]3OC(COS(=O)([O-])=O)[C@H](O[C@@H]4OC(C([O-])=O)[C@H](OC)[C@H](O)[C@@H]4OS(=O)([O-])=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]3NS(=O)([O-])=O)[C@H](O)[C@@H]2O)([O-])=O.[n]
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| InChi Key |
XSIDRQZFWFCLLF-VYLUHDBLSA-F
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C26H44N2O39S6.H3N/c1-55-16-12(32)18(67-73(52,53)54)26(65-19(16)21(33)34)61-13-5(3-57-70(43,44)45)60-24(7(9(13)29)27-68(37,38)39)63-17-10(30)11(31)25(64-20(17)22(35)36)62-14-6(4-58-71(46,47)48)59-23(56-2)8(28-69(40,41)42)15(14)66-72(49,50)51;/h5-20,23-32H,3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,33,34)(H,35,36)(H,37,38,39)(H,40,41,42)(H,43,44,45)(H,46,47,48)(H,49,50,51)(H,52,53,54);1H3/p-8/t5?,6?,7-,8-,9+,10+,11-,12-,13-,14-,15+,16+,17+,18-,19?,20?,23+,24-,25+,26+;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
azane;(3R,4R,5S,6R)-3-[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-[(2R,3S,4S,5R)-6-carboxylato-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-3-sulfonatooxyoxan-2-yl]oxy-4-hydroxy-3-(sulfonatoamino)-6-(sulfonatooxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-[(3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-methoxy-5-(sulfonatoamino)-4-sulfonatooxy-2-(sulfonatooxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-2-carboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.5686 mL | 7.8429 mL | 15.6858 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3137 mL | 1.5686 mL | 3.1372 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1569 mL | 0.7843 mL | 1.5686 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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