| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
GPNA targets γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of the γ-glutamyl group from peptides to other amino acids or water. As a substrate for GGT, GPNA is cleaved by the enzyme, releasing p-nitroaniline, which is detectable by colorimetric measurement. GGT is a membrane-bound enzyme involved in glutathione metabolism and is elevated in various hepatobiliary disorders, making GPNA a useful diagnostic tool.
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| ln Vitro |
In A549 cells, GPNA (10-1000 μM; 48 hours) results in a dose-dependent reduction in cell viability [1].
In vitro, GPNA serves as a chromogenic substrate for GGT activity assays. When incubated with GGT-containing samples (e.g., serum, tissue homogenates, or cell lysates), GPNA is enzymatically hydrolyzed to release p-nitroaniline, which has a characteristic yellow color with maximum absorbance at 405 nm. The rate of p-nitroaniline production is proportional to GGT activity. The assay is linear over a wide range of enzyme concentrations and is used for kinetic or endpoint measurements. |
| ln Vivo |
GPNA is not typically used as a therapeutic agent in vivo; rather, it is a diagnostic reagent for measuring GGT activity in biological samples. GGT levels in serum are routinely measured using GPNA-based assays for the assessment of liver function, detection of hepatobiliary disease, and monitoring of alcohol abuse. Elevated GGT activity is associated with cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other hepatic disorders.
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| Enzyme Assay |
GGT activity assays using GPNA: Samples (serum, plasma, or tissue homogenates) are mixed with GPNA substrate in assay buffer (typically Tris-HCl or glycylglycine buffer, pH 8.0-8.5) at 37°C. The reaction is monitored by measuring the increase in absorbance at 405 nm over time. For endpoint assays, the reaction is stopped by adding acetic acid, and absorbance is read. GGT activity is calculated using a standard curve or molar extinction coefficient of p-nitroaniline.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay [1]
Cell Types: A549 Cell Tested Concentrations: 10, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 μM Incubation Duration: 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: The induced cell viability diminished in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 roughly equivalent to ~250 μM. For cell-based GGT activity assays, cells are lysed or cultured in appropriate media and incubated with GPNA substrate. Alternatively, live cells expressing GGT can be used for activity staining. After incubation, the supernatant or cell lysate is analyzed for p-nitroaniline production by absorbance measurement at 405 nm. GGT activity is normalized to protein concentration. |
| Animal Protocol |
Gpna is typically used in diagnostic applications rather than in animal studies. For validation of GGT assays, animal serum samples (e.g., from rodents with induced liver injury) are analyzed using GPNA-based methods. GGT activity levels are compared between healthy and disease models to validate the diagnostic utility of the assay.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
GPNA has the chemical formula C₁₁H₁₃N₃O₄ and molecular weight approximately 251.24. It is a chromogenic substrate for GGT that releases p-nitroaniline upon enzymatic cleavage, detectable at 405 nm. The compound is stable when stored under recommended conditions and is compatible with various biological samples including serum, plasma, and tissue homogenates.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
GPNA is a chromogenic substrate used for measuring γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity in clinical diagnostics and biochemical research. It is widely employed for assessing liver function, detecting hepatobiliary disease, and monitoring alcohol abuse. The assay principle is based on the enzymatic release of p-nitroaniline, which can be quantified spectrophotometrically. GGT elevation is associated with cholestasis, liver cirrhosis, hepatitis, and other hepatic disorders.
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| Molecular Formula |
C11H14CLN3O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
303.69900
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| Exact Mass |
303.062
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| CAS # |
67953-08-6
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| Related CAS # |
7300-59-6;67953-08-6 (HCl);
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| PubChem CID |
9839424
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
590.6ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
311ºC
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| LogP |
2.823
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
347
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1=CC(=CC=C1NC(=O)CC[C@@H](C(=O)O)N)[N+](=O)[O-].Cl
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| InChi Key |
OJEVFSFTVARWQX-FVGYRXGTSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H13N3O5.ClH/c12-9(11(16)17)5-6-10(15)13-7-1-3-8(4-2-7)14(18)19;/h1-4,9H,5-6,12H2,(H,13,15)(H,16,17);1H/t9-;/m0./s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-5-(4-nitroanilino)-5-oxopentanoic acid;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~125 mg/mL (~411.59 mM)
H2O : ~2 mg/mL (~6.59 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (6.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 1 mg/mL (3.29 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C). |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2927 mL | 16.4636 mL | 32.9272 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6585 mL | 3.2927 mL | 6.5854 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3293 mL | 1.6464 mL | 3.2927 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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