| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glycylglutamine targets β-endorphin (1-31) as an endogenous antagonist. In animal models of opioid use, it inhibits opioid-induced dopamine signaling, preventing reward and suppressing development of tolerance and withdrawal. It also inhibits nicotine-induced reward signaling in conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigms and the development of nicotine withdrawal. The compound inhibits β-endorphin-induced cardiorespiratory depression.
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| ln Vitro |
Glycylglutamine, also known as glycyl-L-glutamine, is a neuropeptide that contains glutamine and is both stable and active. When it comes to growth factors for cell culture during autoclaving and storage, glycylglutamine (also known as glycyl-L-glutamine) is superior to free glutamine (Gln) [2].
In vitro, glycylglutamine is superior to free glutamine as a growth factor for cell culture during autoclaving and storage. It is an active neuropeptide that is both stable and active in cell culture applications. As a β-endorphin antagonist, it inhibits the effects of β-endorphin in various in vitro systems. |
| ln Vivo |
Rats anesthetized with pentobarbital are shown to be resistant to β-End-(1-31)-induced hypoxia when given varying doses of glycyl-L-glutamine (0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 10.0 nM). blood pressure [1].
In vivo, glycylglutamine administered at varying doses (0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 10.0 nM) to rats anesthetized with pentobarbital protects against β-endorphin (1-31)-induced hypoxia. It inhibits β-endorphin-induced cardiorespiratory depression. In animal models of opioid use, it prevents reward and suppresses development of tolerance and withdrawal. |
| Enzyme Assay |
β-Endorphin antagonism assays: Cells or tissue preparations expressing β-endorphin receptors are treated with β-endorphin (1-31) in the presence or absence of glycylglutamine at various concentrations (typically 0.1-100 nM). Functional readouts such as cAMP levels, calcium flux, or receptor binding are measured. Inhibition of β-endorphin-induced effects is calculated to determine antagonist potency.
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| Cell Assay |
For cell culture studies, various mammalian cell lines are cultured in media supplemented with glycylglutamine as a stable glutamine source替代 free glutamine. Cells are maintained at 37°C with 5% CO₂, and growth and viability are compared to cultures supplemented with free glutamine. Cell proliferation is assessed using cell counting or metabolic assays.
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| Animal Protocol |
In animal studies, glycylglutamine is administered intravenously or intracerebroventricularly to rats at doses of 0.3, 0.6, 1.0, and 10.0 nM. Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters (blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate) are monitored. β-Endorphin (1-31) is co-administered to induce cardiorespiratory depression, and the protective effect of glycylglutamine is assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Glycylglutamine (molecular weight 203.19, formula C₇H₁₃N₃O₄) is a white to off-white solid powder. It has density 1.4±0.1 g/cm³, boiling point 643.1±55.0°C at 760 mmHg, and LogP -2.5. The compound is more stable than free glutamine and is suitable for cell culture applications. It is both a metabolite and has protective functions.
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| References |
[1]. Unal CB1, et al. Beta-endorphin-induced cardiorespiratory depression is inhibited by glycyl-L-glutamine, a dipeptide derived from beta-endorphin processing.J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1994 Nov;271(2):952-8
[2]. Roth E, et al. Influence of two glutamine-containing dipeptides on growth of mammalian cells.In Vitro Cell Dev Biol. 1988 Jul;24(7):696-8. |
| Additional Infomation |
Glycine-glutamine (Gly-Gln) is a dipeptide composed of glycine and L-glutamine residues. It is both a metabolite and has protective functions. It is the zwitterion tautomer of Gly-Gln.
Glycylglutamine is an inhibitory neuropeptide derived from β-endorphin. It has been studied for its potential to inhibit opioid and nicotine addiction by preventing reward signaling and suppressing tolerance and withdrawal. The dipeptide is more stable than free glutamine and is useful as a glutamine source in cell culture media. It inhibits β-endorphin-induced cardiorespiratory depression, suggesting potential therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C7H13N3O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
203.19
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| Exact Mass |
203.09
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| CAS # |
13115-71-4
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| PubChem CID |
123913
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
643.1±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
194°C
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| Flash Point |
342.7±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.538
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| LogP |
-2.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
241
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
NC(CC[C@H](NC(CN)=O)C(O)=O)=O
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| InChi Key |
PNMUAGGSDZXTHX-BYPYZUCNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C7H13N3O4/c8-3-6(12)10-4(7(13)14)1-2-5(9)11/h4H,1-3,8H2,(H2,9,11)(H,10,12)(H,13,14)/t4-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S)-5-amino-2-[(2-aminoacetyl)amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
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| Synonyms |
L-Glutamine, N2-glycyl-; Gly-gln; Glycylglutamine
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~62.5 mg/mL (~307.58 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (492.13 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.9215 mL | 24.6075 mL | 49.2150 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9843 mL | 4.9215 mL | 9.8430 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4922 mL | 2.4608 mL | 4.9215 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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