| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Glafenine hydrochloride targets cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis and thereby reducing pain and inflammation. It also functions as an ABCG2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 3.2 μM. ABCG2 is an ATP-binding cassette transporter involved in drug efflux and multidrug resistance. Inhibition of ABCG2 may enhance the intracellular accumulation of various drugs and overcome drug resistance in cancer cells. Glafenine's dual mechanism of action—COX inhibition and ABCG2 inhibition—makes it a compound of interest for both anti-inflammatory and anticancer research.
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| ln Vitro |
In baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, glafenine raises mutant CFTR's surface expression to 40% of that of wild-type CFTR [2]. In a dose-dependent manner, glafenineHCl suppresses the clonogenic activity and proliferation of EC and haSMC. Phase decrease and G2/M phase arrest take place. Tenascin, an extracellular matrix protein, is decreased and the migratory capacity of human stem cells (haSMCs) is hampered in a dose-dependent manner [3].
In vitro studies have demonstrated that Glafenine hydrochloride is an effective inhibitor of ABCG2, with an IC₅₀ of 3.2 μM. This activity suggests potential applications in overcoming multidrug resistance in cancer cells. As an NSAID, Glafenine inhibits prostaglandin synthesis through COX inhibition, contributing to its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. The compound's activity profile makes it a valuable tool for studying both inflammation and drug resistance mechanisms. However, detailed in vitro potency data for COX inhibition are not extensively documented in the literature. |
| ln Vivo |
Mice administered a glafenine injection (25 mg/kg intraperitoneally) and the BLI signal improved; on average, the amplification was 2.9 times greater than the control. When compared to the signal generated by these xenografts before to injection, grafenine increased the BLI signal in two different HEK293/ABCG2/fLuc xenografts from the same mouse by up to 11.6 and 17.4 times, respectively [1]. Glaffenine treatment increases the responsiveness of polarized CFBE410-cell monolayers and the intestinal tracts isolated from mutant CFTR animals to forskolin and genistein in terms of short-circuit currents. Additionally, grafenine therapy partially restores full salivation [2]. Zebrafish treated with aflatoxin (glafenin) exhibited endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress, intestinal destruction, cessation of cellular stress responses, and an accumulation of apoptotic intestinal epithelial cells in the lumen [4].
In vivo, Glafenine hydrochloride has been used clinically as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. Its pharmacological action involves alleviating pain and reducing inflammation. However, the compound's clinical use has been limited due to safety concerns, including reports of adverse effects. Glafenine is no longer widely used in clinical practice but remains a compound of interest for research purposes. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro non-cell enzyme assays for Glafenine hydrochloride typically involve measuring COX-1 and COX-2 inhibition using purified enzymes. The compound is incubated with COX enzymes and arachidonic acid substrate, and prostaglandin production is measured by ELISA or radiometric methods. ABCG2 inhibition assays use membrane vesicles or purified ABCG2 protein incubated with the compound and a fluorescent substrate, with transport activity measured by fluorescence. IC₅₀ values are calculated from dose-response curves.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Glafenine hydrochloride use cancer cell lines or inflammatory cell models. For ABCG2 inhibition studies, cells overexpressing ABCG2 are treated with Glafenine and a fluorescent ABCG2 substrate (e.g., mitoxantrone or Hoechst 33342), and intracellular fluorescence is measured by flow cytometry to assess inhibition of efflux. For anti-inflammatory studies, macrophages or other inflammatory cells are treated with Glafenine and stimulated with LPS, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) and cytokine levels are measured by ELISA.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Glafenine hydrochloride employ standard rodent models of inflammation and pain, such as carrageenan-induced paw edema or acetic acid-induced writhing. The compound is administered orally or intraperitoneally, and analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are assessed by measuring paw swelling, pain response, and inflammatory markers. However, specific published in vivo data for Glafenine hydrochloride are limited, and the compound is no longer widely used clinically.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Glafenine hydrochloride has a molecular weight of 409.26 g/mol and a molecular formula of C₁₉H₁₈Cl₂N₂O₄. It is also known by the CAS number 65513-72-6 and the Unique Ingredient Identifier MS23T96ZZP. The compound is a non-narcotic analgesic and NSAID belonging to the anthranilic acid derivative class. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion have been characterized in the context of its clinical use but are not extensively documented in the public literature.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Glafenine hydrochloride can cause adverse effects typical of NSAIDs, including gastrointestinal irritation, renal effects, and hypersensitivity reactions. The compound has been associated with severe adverse effects, including hepatotoxicity and anaphylactic reactions, which have limited its clinical use. It is classified as a research reagent and is not intended for human therapeutic use. Comprehensive toxicological data are available from clinical and preclinical studies but are not detailed in the public literature.
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| References |
[1]. Zhang Y, et al. Identification of inhibitors of ABCG2 by a bioluminescence imaging-based high-throughput assay. Cancer Res. 2009 Jul 15;69(14):5867-75.
[2]. Robert R, et al. Correction of the Delta phe508 cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator trafficking defect by the bioavailable compound glafenine. Mol Pharmacol. 2010 Jun;77(6):922-30. [3]. Schöber W, et al. Impact of glafenine hydrochloride on human endothelial cells and human vascular smooth muscle cells: a substance reducing proliferation, migration and extracellular matrix synthesis. Cell Biol Int. 2003;27(12):987-96. [4]. Goldsmith JR, et al. Glafenine-induced intestinal injury in zebrafish is ameliorated by μ-opioid signaling via enhancement of Atf6-dependent cellular stress responses. Dis Model Mech. 2013 Jan;6(1):146-5 |
| Additional Infomation |
Glafenine hydrochloride is a non-narcotic analgesic and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) belonging to the anthranilic acid derivative class. It is a derivative of fenamic acid and has been used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. Glafenine hydrochloride also functions as an ABCG2 inhibitor with an IC₅₀ of 3.2 μM. The compound is also known as 2-((7-chloro-4-quinolinyl)amino)-, 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester hydrochloride. Not currently approved for clinical use in most countries; intended for research purposes only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C19H18CL2N2O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
409.2632
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| Exact Mass |
408.064
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| CAS # |
65513-72-6
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| Related CAS # |
Glafenine;3820-67-5
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| PubChem CID |
3085326
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| Appearance |
Light yellow to yellow solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
618ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
327.6ºC
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| LogP |
4.016
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
467
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
ClC1C([H])=C([H])C2C(C=1[H])=NC([H])=C([H])C=2N([H])C1=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C1C(=O)OC([H])([H])C([H])(C([H])([H])O[H])O[H].Cl[H]
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| InChi Key |
CEUMONXVSJOJIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H17ClN2O4.ClH/c20-12-5-6-14-17(7-8-21-18(14)9-12)22-16-4-2-1-3-15(16)19(25)26-11-13(24)10-23;/h1-9,13,23-24H,10-11H2,(H,21,22);1H
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| Chemical Name |
2,3-dihydroxypropyl 2-[(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)amino]benzoate;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~41.67 mg/mL (~101.82 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.08 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.08 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.08 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4434 mL | 12.2172 mL | 24.4343 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4887 mL | 2.4434 mL | 4.8869 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2443 mL | 1.2217 mL | 2.4434 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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