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Ginsenoside Re is a naturally occurring PPARγ agonist extracted from Panax notoginseng. It decreases the β-amyloid protein (Aβ), and plays a role in anti-inflammation through inhibition of JNK and NF-κB. It inhibits the formation of gastric mucosal lesions, decreases neutrophil infiltration, stimulates CD4+ T cell production, suppresses histamine release in mast cells, and prevents stress-induced anxiety, depression and cognitive deficits.
| ln Vitro |
Renowned traditional Chinese medicine ginsenoside Re has the ability to suppress BACE1 activity and lower the mRNA and protein levels of β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) in N2a/APP695 cells. Ginsenoside Re also markedly raised the levels of PPARγ mRNA and protein. To stop ginsenoside Re from having cytotoxic effects on N2a/APP695 cells, the MTT method was used to assess cell viability. For a full day, ginsenoside Re (0-200 µM) at escalating concentrations was applied to N2a/WT and N2a/APP695 cells. The viability of N2a/WT and N2a/APP695 cells was not affected by ginsenoside Re concentrations below 100 µM, but it was significantly decreased by ginsenoside Re concentrations of 150 µM. Following a 24-hour incubation period with a 200 µM concentration of ginsenoside Re, the viability of N2a/WT and N2a/APP695 cells was decreased by 15.58% and 26.82%, respectively. According to these findings, N2a/WT and N2a/APP695 cells can safely be treated with ginsenoside Re at concentrations between 0-100 µM for a full day (P>0.05) [1].
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| ln Vivo |
Ginsenoside Re inhibits JNK and NF-κB activation, which lowers insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and high-fat diet (HFD) rats [2]. Mice exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intraperitoneally at a dose of 20 mg/kg die 70% to 80% of the time after the injection. On the other hand, mice that received Rg1 or ginsenoside Re beforehand had a dose-dependent increase in survival rate. The survival rate rose from 60% to 90% (for Rg1) or from 30% to 40% (for ginsenoside Re) as the dose was raised from 2.5 mg/kg to 5 mg/kg. While animals treated with an equal amount of ginsenoside Re had an 80% survival rate, all mice given Rg1 at the minimum dose of 10 mg/kg were protected from death. A dose of 20 mg/kg of ginsenoside Re is needed to protect all mice. In order to investigate the anti-inflammatory properties of Rg1 and ginsenoside Re, rats were given an injection of 1 mg/kg of either compound, followed by an LPS challenge. Each group saw a transient elevation in body temperature of about 1.2°C due to the injection procedure itself. Rats exposed to unconditioned lipopolysaccharide (LPS) subsequently experienced severe biphasic fever, peaking at 1.8°C at 4 hours and at 1.5°C at 2 hours. The Rg1, ginsenoside Re, and TAK-242 treatment groups, on the other hand, experienced relatively minor temperature changes: 0.9, 1.2, and 0.8°C at 2 hours, and 1.3, 1.4, and 1.0°C at 4 hours, respectively. Body temperature fluctuations brought on by LPS can be considerably reduced by pretreatment with Rg1, ginsenoside Re, or TAK-242 [3].
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Ginsenoside Re is a ginsenoside found in ginseng. Its structure is dammarane-type, with hydroxyl groups substituted at positions 3β, 6α, 12β, and 20 (pro-S position). The hydroxyl groups at positions 6 and 20 are converted to the corresponding α-L-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside and β-D-glucopyranoside, respectively, and a double bond is introduced at positions 24-25. It possesses various activities including plant metabolite, antioxidant, neuroprotective agent, anti-inflammatory agent, antitumor agent, and nephroprotective agent. It is a 12β-hydroxysteroid, 3β-hydroxysteroid, β-D-glucopyranoside, ginsenoside, tetracyclic triterpenoid, disaccharide derivative, and 3β-hydroxy-4,4-dimethylsteroid. It is derived from the hydride of dammarane. Ginsenoside B2 is currently being studied in the clinical trial NCT00781534 (Clinical Trial of Ginseng for the Treatment of Diabetes).
Ginsenoside Re has been reported to be present in ginseng, Japanese ginseng, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: American ginseng (partial); Asian ginseng (partial); Panax notoginseng root (partial). |
| Molecular Formula |
C48H82O18
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
947.16
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| Exact Mass |
946.55
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| CAS # |
52286-59-6
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| PubChem CID |
441921
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
1011.8±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
202 °C(dec.)
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| Flash Point |
565.7±34.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.611
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| LogP |
4.75
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
12
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
18
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
12
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| Heavy Atom Count |
66
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| Complexity |
1700
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
26
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O[C@H]2O[C@H]3C[C@@]4([C@H](C[C@H]([C@H]5[C@]4(CC[C@@H]5[C@](C)(CCC=C(C)C)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O)C)O)[C@@]7([C@@H]3C([C@H](CC7)O)(C)C)C)C)CO)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
PWAOOJDMFUQOKB-WCZZMFLVSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C48H82O18/c1-21(2)11-10-14-48(9,66-42-38(60)35(57)32(54)26(19-49)63-42)23-12-16-46(7)30(23)24(51)17-28-45(6)15-13-29(52)44(4,5)40(45)25(18-47(28,46)8)62-43-39(36(58)33(55)27(20-50)64-43)65-41-37(59)34(56)31(53)22(3)61-41/h11,22-43,49-60H,10,12-20H2,1-9H3/t22-,23-,24+,25-,26+,27+,28+,29-,30-,31-,32+,33+,34+,35-,36-,37+,38+,39+,40-,41-,42-,43+,45+,46+,47+,48-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4R,5R,6S)-2-[(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(3S,5R,6S,8R,9R,10R,12R,13R,14R,17S)-3,12-dihydroxy-4,4,8,10,14-pentamethyl-17-[(2S)-6-methyl-2-[(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyhept-5-en-2-yl]-2,3,5,6,7,9,11,12,13,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-6-yl]oxy]-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxy-6-methyloxane-3,4,5-triol
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| Synonyms |
NSC-308877 NSC308877 Panaxoside RENSC 308877 Ginsenoside RE Ginsenoside B2
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL (~52.79 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.64 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.0558 mL | 5.2789 mL | 10.5579 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2112 mL | 1.0558 mL | 2.1116 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1056 mL | 0.5279 mL | 1.0558 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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