| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg | |||
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary receptor for GA1 is GID1 (GIBBERELLIN INSENSITIVE DWARF1), a soluble protein. Binding of GA1 to GID1 promotes the interaction with DELLA proteins, which are transcriptional repressors of plant growth. This interaction leads to the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of DELLA proteins via the 26S proteasome, relieving the repression of downstream growth-promoting genes. GA1 is the most bioactive member of the gibberellin family in many plant species, influencing cell division and elongation in stems and leaves.
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| ln Vitro |
In cell-free biochemical assays, GA1 is used to study the interaction between GID1 and DELLA proteins. Typically, a fluorescence polarization or surface plasmon resonance (SPR) assay is used. Recombinant GID1 protein is immobilized or labeled, and the binding of GA1 and a DELLA protein fragment is measured. GA1 is also a substrate for GA2-oxidases (GA2ox), which inactivate it by 2beta-hydroxylation, regulating GA levels. The enzymatic activity of GA2ox can be measured by incubating the enzyme with GA1 and alpha-ketoglutarate and quantifying the product, GA1-catabolite, by LC-MS/MS.
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| ln Vivo |
In plant cells, GA1 promotes stem elongation by stimulating cell division and elongation. It also induces the expression of genes encoding expansins and other cell wall-modifying proteins. It can reverse the inhibition of stem elongation induced by plant growth retardants such as AMO-1618 or BX-112 (prohexadione). In vitro, it promotes the elongation of excised stem segments (e.g., from dwarf pea or maize) in a dose-dependent manner. The compound also stimulates alpha-amylase production in cereal aleurone layers, a classic bioassay for gibberellin activity. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) for these effects is typically in the nM to low uM range.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The GA1-GID1-DELLA binding assay can be performed using a fluorescence polarization (FP) method. A fluorescently labeled GA3 analog (Fluo-GA) is used as a tracer. A fixed concentration of recombinant GID1 protein (e.g., 50 nM) is incubated with a fixed amount of Fluo-GA (e.g., 10 nM) and varying concentrations of GA1 (0.1-1000 nM) in assay buffer for 30-60 minutes. The FP signal (mP) is measured on a plate reader, with the signal decreasing as GA1 displaces the tracer. The IC50 for GA1 displacement is calculated from the dose-response curve, and the Ki is determined using the Cheng-Prusoff equation. This format is used to compare the relative binding affinities of different gibberellins.
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| Cell Assay |
For the traditional alpha-amylase bioassay, aleurone layers are isolated from barley (Hordeum vulgare) seeds by dissection and surface sterilization. The aleurone layers are then incubated in a buffer containing GA1 (0.1-1000 nM) for 16-24 hours. The medium is then assayed for alpha-amylase activity using a starch-iodine colorimetric test, a reducing sugar assay (e.g., dinitrosalicylic acid, DNS), or a fluorescently-labeled starch substrate. The amount of alpha-amylase produced, which is proportional to the GA1 concentration, is quantified spectrophotometrically. This assay is a standard method for testing gibberellin bioactivity and was historically used for the discovery and quantification of gibberellins.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo activity of GA1 is demonstrated in plant growth bioassays using dwarf mutants of plants like maize (e.g., d1, d5) or pea (e.g., le). For example, dwarf pea seedlings (Pisum sativum) are grown in a controlled environment. GA1 is applied either to the apex or to the stem in a small droplet of lanolin or as an aqueous solution (0.01-10 ug per plant). The primary endpoint is the elongation of the internodes, measured daily with a ruler over 7-14 days. GA1 is highly potent, often eliciting a significant increase in stem length at doses as low as 0.01-0.1 ng per plant. It can fully restore the wild-type phenotype in some dwarf mutants, demonstrating its role as a major endogenous bioactive gibberellin.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Gibberellin A1 is a plant hormone and is not administered to animals for standard pharmacokinetic studies. When studied in plants, GA1 can be applied to the roots or leaves and is transported via the phloem. In a typical plant PK study, GA1 is applied to the soil or as a foliar spray at concentrations of 1-50 uM. Plant tissues (shoots, roots, leaves) are harvested at various times post-application, and GA1 is extracted and quantified by LC-MS/MS. The half-life of GA1 in plant tissues is typically short (a few hours to days), as it is rapidly metabolized, primarily by GA2-oxidases, to inactive products. It is also converted to GA8, a catabolite.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
GA1 is a naturally occurring plant hormone and is generally considered non-toxic to animals and humans at environmentally relevant concentrations. It is widely used in agriculture to promote fruit set and growth, and it is classified as a plant growth regulator (PGR) by regulatory agencies (e.g., EPA). Acute oral toxicity is very low (LD50 > 5000 mg/kg in rats). It is not considered a skin irritant or sensitizer. However, at very high concentrations, it may cause mild gastrointestinal effects. For research purposes, standard laboratory safety practices should be followed, including avoiding ingestion and inhalation. It is not a drug intended for human or veterinary use.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Gibberellin A1 is a C19-gibberellin, first discovered in Gibberella fujikuroi. It is a plant metabolite. It is a lactone, belonging to the gibberellin monocarboxylic acid family, and is also a C19-gibberellin. It is the conjugate acid of gibberellin A1(1-). Gibberellin A1 has also been reported in potatoes (Solanum tuberosum), citrus fruits (Citrus reticulata), and several other organisms with relevant data.
Gibberellin A1 (GA1) is a member of the gibberellin family of plant hormones, of which over 130 have been identified. It is one of the most biologically active forms, along with GA3 (gibberellic acid), GA4, and GA7. GA1 is the predominant active GA in many dicot plants, while GA4 is more active in certain monocots. In plant physiology research, it is used to study the molecular mechanisms of stem elongation, the role of DELLA repressors, and the gibberellin signaling pathway. GA1 is also a standard in analytical chemistry for quantifying gibberellins in plant extracts using LC-MS/MS. The compound is a growth promoter, not an inhibitor, and can be used to overcome the effects of GA-biosynthesis inhibitors like paclobutrazol. For research use, it is typically stored as a powder at -20degC and dissolved in ethanol or DMSO to make stock solutions. The molecular formula is C19H24O6, with a molecular weight of 348.39. |
| Molecular Formula |
C19H24O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
348.3903
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| Exact Mass |
348.157
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| CAS # |
545-97-1
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| PubChem CID |
5280379
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.5±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
619.7±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
227.0±25.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.1 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.639
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| LogP |
-0.06
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
25
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| Complexity |
731
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
8
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| SMILES |
C[C@@]12[C@H](CC[C@@]3([C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@]45[C@H]3CC[C@](C4)(C(=C)C5)O)C(=O)O)OC2=O)O
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| InChi Key |
JLJLRLWOEMWYQK-OBDJNFEBSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H24O6/c1-9-7-17-8-18(9,24)5-3-10(17)19-6-4-11(20)16(2,15(23)25-19)13(19)12(17)14(21)22/h10-13,20,24H,1,3-8H2,2H3,(H,21,22)/t10-,11+,12-,13-,16-,17+,18+,19-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(1R,2R,5S,8S,9S,10R,11S,12S)-5,12-dihydroxy-11-methyl-6-methylidene-16-oxo-15-oxapentacyclo[9.3.2.15,8.01,10.02,8]heptadecane-9-carboxylic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~17.86 mg/mL (~51.26 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1.79 mg/mL (5.14 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 17.9 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1.79 mg/mL (5.14 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 17.9 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.8703 mL | 14.3517 mL | 28.7035 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5741 mL | 2.8703 mL | 5.7407 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2870 mL | 1.4352 mL | 2.8703 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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