| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| 50g | |||
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| Targets |
Aminoglycoside antibiotic; DNase I (IC50 = 0.57 mM)
Bacterial ribosome 30S subunit, specifically binding to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12. Gentamicin irreversibly binds to the 30S ribosomal subunit, interfering with the correct amino acid polymerization and elongation, leading to inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. This binding causes misreading of the mRNA sequence and incorporation of incorrect amino acids into the growing polypeptide chain, resulting in the production of abnormal, nonfunctional proteins that disrupt the bacterial cell membrane. |
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| ln Vitro |
Gentamicin is harmless to tissue culture monolayers, does not affect viral replication, and is a more effective antibiotic activator than combined penicillin-streptomycin [2]. Gentamicin has been demonstrated to be bactericidal against a broader range of organisms (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus spp., and Streptococcus faecalis) and has been successfully employed as an additive in mycology to limit the growth of bacteria. generates streptomycin and penicillin [2]. Gentamicin is stable at autoclaving temperatures, harmless to rhesus monkey kidney, HeLa, and human amniotic cells, and does not interfere with the cellular effects generated by some polioviruses and echoviruses in tissue cultures [2]. Several Micromonospora species generate gentamicin [3]. RNA [3].
Gentamicin exerts bactericidal activity by irreversibly binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit, inhibiting protein synthesis. The compound binds to four nucleotides of 16S rRNA and a single amino acid of protein S12, interfering with the initiation complex and causing misreading of the genetic code. This results in the production of abnormal proteins that incorporate into the bacterial cell membrane, increasing permeability and leading to cell death. Gentamicin exhibits a postantibiotic effect, meaning bacterial killing continues after drug concentration drops below the MIC of the targeted pathogen, generally for approximately 0.5 to 12 hours. |
| ln Vivo |
Injectable and mouse formulations of gentamicin sulfate have shown strong antimicrobial activity against Y. pestis in infection models using mice [3]. Mice treated with gentamicin sulfate (0.27 g/kg) demonstrated a marked decrease in bacteria on foreign bodies [4]. 】.
In vivo, gentamicin demonstrates concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against susceptible organisms. The drug is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is typically administered parenterally for systemic infections. Gentamicin is effective against a wide range of Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella species, Enterobacter species, Serratia species, and Proteus species, as well as some Gram-positive organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus. Its efficacy is dependent on achieving adequate peak serum concentrations relative to the MIC of the infecting organism. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro susceptibility testing for gentamicin is performed using standard broth microdilution or agar dilution methods according to CLSI or EUCAST guidelines. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are determined against a panel of bacterial isolates. The drug's mechanism of action can be studied using cell-free translation systems or ribosome binding assays with radiolabeled gentamicin to measure its affinity for the 30S ribosomal subunit. These assays confirm the irreversible binding of gentamicin to the 30S subunit and its inhibition of protein synthesis.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for gentamicin are conducted using bacterial cell cultures, where the drug's ability to inhibit protein synthesis and cause bacterial cell death is assessed. Bacterial cells are treated with various concentrations of gentamicin, and protein synthesis is measured by incorporation of radiolabeled amino acids (such as 3H-leucine) into newly synthesized proteins. Cell viability is assessed by colony counting or using metabolic indicators such as resazurin reduction. These assays demonstrate the concentration-dependent bactericidal activity of gentamicin against susceptible organisms.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for gentamicin typically involve administration to rodent or other animal models of infection, such as murine thigh infection models or peritonitis models. Animals are infected with a known bacterial pathogen, and gentamicin is administered at various doses and routes (typically intramuscularly or intravenously). Efficacy is assessed by measuring bacterial burden in infected tissues (such as thigh muscle or peritoneal fluid) after treatment. Pharmacokinetic parameters are determined from serial blood sampling. These studies establish the dose-response relationship and efficacy of gentamicin against various pathogens.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Gentamicin is not readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is typically administered parenterally (intramuscularly or intravenously) for systemic infections. Following parenteral administration, gentamicin distributes widely into extracellular fluid, with a volume of distribution of approximately 0.27 L/kg. The drug is primarily eliminated by glomerular filtration, with a total clearance of approximately 1.35 mL/min/kg and an elimination half-life of approximately 2.1 hours in patients with normal renal function. Gentamicin exhibits concentration-dependent bactericidal activity and a postantibiotic effect of approximately 0.5 to 12 hours.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Dose-dependent toxicity is a significant concern with gentamicin therapy. The major toxicities are nephrotoxicity (renal tubular damage) and ototoxicity (damage to the vestibular and cochlear portions of the eighth cranial nerve), which can result in irreversible hearing loss and balance disturbances. The risk of toxicity increases with higher doses, longer duration of therapy, and pre-existing renal impairment. Gentamicin should be used with caution in elderly patients and those with renal insufficiency. Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended to maintain peak and trough concentrations within therapeutic ranges and minimize toxicity.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Gentamicin sulfate is the sulfate form of gentamicin, a fermented antibiotic complex. It consists of three chemically related aminoglycosides. It is a white to pale yellow powder. pH (4% solution) 3.5 to 5.5. Odorless. (NTP, 1992) National Toxicology Program, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health (NTP). 1992. National Toxicology Program Chemical Database. Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. Gentamicin sulfate is the sulfate form of gentamicin, a broad-spectrum aminoglycoside antibiotic complex produced by fermentation of Micromonospora purpurea or M. echinospora, and possesses antibacterial activity. Gentamicin is a thermostable complex containing gentamicin C1, C1a, C2, C2a, and C2b. Gentamicin sulfate is a small molecule drug, with its clinical trials reaching Phase IV (covering all indications). It was first approved in 1970 and currently has 7 approved indications and 10 investigational indications. This drug has been placed on a black box warning list by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). It is a complex antibiotic produced by Micromonospora purpurea, containing three components: gentamicin sulfate C1, C2, and C1A.
Gentamicin sulfate is a widely used aminoglycoside antibiotic approved for the treatment of serious infections caused by susceptible Gram-negative bacteria. It was first approved in the 1960s and remains an important antibiotic in clinical practice, particularly for the treatment of hospital-acquired infections, sepsis, and complicated urinary tract infections. The drug is also used topically for skin and eye infections. In recent years, the number of Gram-negative bacilli resistant to gentamicin has increased significantly, limiting its utility in some settings. Gentamicin is available in various formulations, including injectable solutions, ophthalmic drops, and topical creams and ointments. |
| Molecular Formula |
C24H55N7O11S3*
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
561.65 (Average)
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| Exact Mass |
1487.86917
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| CAS # |
1405-41-0
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| Related CAS # |
Gentamicin;1403-66-3
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| PubChem CID |
9855350
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
797.6ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
218-237°C
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| Flash Point |
436.2ºC
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
26
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
40
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
19
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| Heavy Atom Count |
101
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| Complexity |
1930
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
36
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| SMILES |
O=S(O)(O)=O.O[C@]1(C)C(NC)[C@@H](O)[C@@H](O[C@H]2C(N)C[C@H](N)[C@@H](O[C@@H]3[C@H](N)CC[C@@H]([R])O3)[C@@H]2O)OC1.NC[*].C[C@H]([*])N.C[C@H]([*])NC.[R=].[or].[or]
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| InChi Key |
RDEIXVOBVLKYNT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H43N5O7.C20H41N5O7.C19H39N5O7.H2O4S/c1-9(25-3)13-6-5-10(22)19(31-13)32-16-11(23)7-12(24)17(14(16)27)33-20-15(28)18(26-4)21(2,29)8-30-20;1-8(21)12-5-4-9(22)18(30-12)31-15-10(23)6-11(24)16(13(15)26)32-19-14(27)17(25-3)20(2,28)7-29-19;1-19(27)7-28-18(13(26)16(19)24-2)31-15-11(23)5-10(22)14(12(15)25)30-17-9(21)4-3-8(6-20)29-17;1-5(2,3)4/h9-20,25-29H,5-8,22-24H2,1-4H3;8-19,25-28H,4-7,21-24H2,1-3H3;8-18,24-27H,3-7,20-23H2,1-2H3;(H2,1,2,3,4)/t9?,10-,11+,12-,13+,14+,15-,16-,17+,18-,19-,20-,21+;8?,9-,10+,11-,12+,13+,14-,15-,16+,17-,18-,19-,20+;8-,9+,10-,11+,12-,13+,14+,15-,16+,17+,18+,19-;/m110./s1
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| Chemical Name |
mixtures of three isomers (Gentamicins C1, C2, and C1(subA).
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| Synonyms |
Gentamicin sulfate; Bristagen; U-Gencin; Gentacidin; Garacin; Garamycin; Gentak; Apogen; NSC-82261; Refobacin; Sch 9724; Gentafair
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 30 mg/mL
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
A Study to Compare Different Antibiotics and Different Modes of Fluid Treatment for Children With Severe Pneumonia
CTID: NCT04041791
Phase: Phase 3 Status: Completed
Date: 2024-07-08
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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