| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
Gboxin targets mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, specifically F0F1 ATP synthase (mitochondrial complex V). By inhibiting ATP synthase activity, Gboxin reduces cellular energy production and selectively inhibits tumor growth. The compound's selectivity for glioblastoma cells over normal cells suggests that glioblastoma cells are particularly dependent on oxidative phosphorylation for energy production. This metabolic vulnerability underlies the compound's selective antitumor activity.
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| ln Vitro |
The growth of primary "high-throughput GBM spheres" (HTS) cells is specifically inhibited by gboxin (0-15 μM; 96 hours); however, this effect does not extend to circulating primary low-passage mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) or astrocytes growing plasma cells [1].
Gboxin inhibits the growth of primary mouse and human glioblastoma cells in vitro but does not affect mouse embryonic fibroblasts or neonatal astrocytes. The compound rapidly and irreversibly compromises oxygen consumption in glioblastoma cells, indicating its potent effect on mitochondrial respiration. It inhibits F0F1 ATP synthase activity. The compound's selectivity for glioblastoma cells has been demonstrated in various cell lines. |
| ln Vivo |
Gboxin is an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor that targets glioblastoma in vivo. The compound inhibits the growth of primary mouse and human glioblastoma cells. Its antitumor activity has been demonstrated in animal models of glioblastoma. The compound's ability to rapidly and irreversibly compromise oxygen consumption in glioblastoma cells underlies its in vivo efficacy. Specific dosing regimens and detailed efficacy data are available in the scientific literature.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme assays for Gboxin involve measuring the inhibition of F0F1 ATP synthase (mitochondrial complex V) activity using isolated mitochondria or purified enzyme preparations. ATP production is measured using luciferase-based assays or other methods for detecting ATP. Oxygen consumption rates are measured using oxygen electrodes or Seahorse metabolic analyzers. These cell-free and isolated organelle assays provide mechanistic insights into the compound's effects on mitochondrial function.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell viability assay [1]
Cell Types: HTS cells, MEFs and astrocytes Tested Concentrations: 0, 185, 555, 1667, 5000, 15000 nM Incubation Duration: 96 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Inhibited the growth of HTS cells (IC50=150 nM ). In vitro cell-based assays for Gboxin involve treating glioblastoma cell lines and normal cell lines (e.g., mouse embryonic fibroblasts, neonatal astrocytes) with varying concentrations of the compound. Cell viability is measured using MTT, CCK-8, or similar assays. Oxygen consumption rates are measured using Seahorse metabolic analyzers. ATP levels are quantified using luciferase-based assays. The compound's selectivity for glioblastoma cells over normal cells is assessed by comparing IC50 values. Apoptosis and cell death are quantified using standard assays. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Gboxin have been conducted in mouse models of glioblastoma. Glioblastoma cells are implanted orthotopically or subcutaneously, and mice are treated with Gboxin via injection. Tumor growth inhibition is monitored using imaging or caliper measurements. Survival prolongation is assessed as a primary efficacy endpoint. The compound's effects on tumor metabolism and energy production are evaluated by analyzing tumor tissues. Specific dosing regimens and detailed efficacy data are available in the scientific literature.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Gboxin has a molecular weight of 392.96 and a molecular formula of C22H33ClN2O2. It is a small-molecule benzimidazolinium derivative. The compound is typically dissolved in DMSO for in vitro studies and can be formulated for in vivo administration. Its solubility and stability properties are consistent with small-molecule drug candidates. Specific pharmacokinetic data such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination have been characterized in preclinical studies. The compound is typically stored under recommended conditions for research compounds.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity data for Gboxin is not extensively reported. The compound's selectivity for glioblastoma cells over normal cells suggests a favorable therapeutic index. However, as an inhibitor of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, it may have off-target effects on tissues with high energy demands. Preclinical toxicology studies would be required for therapeutic development. Standard safety precautions should be taken when handling the compound in research settings.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Gboxin is an oxidative phosphorylation inhibitor that targets F0F1 ATP synthase and selectively inhibits glioblastoma cell growth. It rapidly and irreversibly compromises oxygen consumption in glioblastoma cells. The compound specifically inhibits primary mouse and human glioblastoma cells but not normal cells. Gboxin has potential applications in glioblastoma research and cancer metabolism studies.
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| Molecular Formula |
C22H34CLN2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
393.9706
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| Exact Mass |
392.223
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 67.24; H, 8.46; Cl, 9.02; N, 7.13; O, 8.14
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| CAS # |
2101315-36-8
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| Related CAS # |
2101315-36-8;
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| PubChem CID |
137628664
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
481
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
3
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| SMILES |
CCC1=[N+](C2=CC=CC=C2N1CC(=O)O[C@@H]3C[C@@H](CC[C@H]3C(C)C)C)C.[Cl-]
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| InChi Key |
UBWVTCCKVGOTBG-VYZBTARASA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C22H33N2O2.ClH/c1-6-21-23(5)18-9-7-8-10-19(18)24(21)14-22(25)26-20-13-16(4)11-12-17(20)15(2)3/h7-10,15-17,20H,6,11-14H2,1-5H31H/q+1/p-1/t16-,17+,20-/m1./s1 SMILES
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| Chemical Name |
2-Ethyl-1-(2-(((1R,2S,5R)-2-isopropyl-5-methylcyclohexyl)oxy)-2-oxoethyl)-3-methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-3-ium chloride
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| Synonyms |
Gboxin Gboxin chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~32.5 mg/mL (~82.71 mM)
H2O : ~10 mg/mL (~25.45 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (5.52 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (5.52 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 21.7 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.17 mg/mL (5.52 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 2 mg/mL (5.09 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.5383 mL | 12.6913 mL | 25.3826 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5077 mL | 2.5383 mL | 5.0765 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2538 mL | 1.2691 mL | 2.5383 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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