| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) is an intermediate for synthesis of glutathione (GSH). It is a dipeptide acting as an essential cofactor for the antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase (GPx). It can also increase anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β).
| Targets |
- Glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway (serves as GSH precursor) [1]
- Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation [1] - Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway [1] - Pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β) [1] |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
- Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) (GGC) ameliorated Aβ40 oligomer-induced oxidative damage in human astrocytes. At concentrations of 100, 200, 400 μM, it increased intracellular GSH levels by 35±3%, 62±4%, and 88±5%, respectively, compared to Aβ40-treated group [1]
- It reduced Aβ40-induced ROS production: 400 μM GGC decreased ROS levels by 72±6% [1] - The compound inhibited neuroinflammation: 400 μM reduced TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β mRNA levels by 65±5%, 68±4%, and 61±5%, and protein levels by 59±4%, 63±4%, and 57±3%, respectively [1] - It suppressed Aβ40-induced NF-κB activation: 400 μM decreased IκBα phosphorylation by 58±4% and NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation by 55±3% [1] - It protected human astrocyte viability: 400 μM improved cell viability from 62±3% (Aβ40 group) to 89±4% [1] - No significant cytotoxicity was observed in human astrocytes at concentrations up to 800 μM [1] |
| Enzyme Assay |
- ROS detection assay: Human astrocytes were pretreated with Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) (100, 200, 400 μM) for 24 hours, then exposed to Aβ40 oligomers for 24 hours. Cells were loaded with a ROS-specific fluorescent probe, incubated for 30 minutes, and fluorescence intensity was measured at 488/525 nm to quantify ROS levels [1]
- GSH quantification assay: Treated astrocytes were lysed, and the lysate was mixed with GSH detection reagent. After incubation at 37°C for 15 minutes, absorbance was measured at 412 nm to determine GSH concentration [1] - NF-κB activity assay: Nuclear extracts from treated cells were prepared, and NF-κB DNA-binding activity was measured using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) [1] |
| Cell Assay |
- Human astrocyte protection assay: Cells were seeded in 96-well plates (5×10³ cells/well) and 6-well plates (2×10⁵ cells/well). After overnight incubation, cells were pretreated with Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) (100, 200, 400 μM) for 24 hours, then stimulated with Aβ40 oligomers for 24 hours. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay; cytokine mRNA levels by RT-PCR; cytokine proteins and NF-κB pathway proteins by Western blot [1]
- Cytotoxicity assay: Human astrocytes were treated with Gamma-glutamylcysteine (TFA) (200, 400, 600, 800 μM) for 48 hours, and cell viability was measured by MTT assay [1] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
- γ-glutamylcysteine (TFA) did not show significant cytotoxicity to human astrocytes at concentrations up to 800 μM, and cell viability remained above 90% [1]
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
γ-Glutamylcysteine (TFA) is the rate-limiting precursor of glutathione (GSH), an important intracellular antioxidant [1] - its neuroprotective mechanisms include supplementing GSH to scavenge excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce Aβ40 oligomer-induced neuroinflammation [1] - it targets human astrocytes, which play a key role in maintaining brain redox homeostasis and regulating neuroinflammation, suggesting its potential therapeutic value in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases [1] - the TFA (trifluoroacetate) moiety is an anti-ion of the GGC molecule, which helps to improve its solubility and stability in experimental applications [1]
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| Molecular Formula |
C10H15F3N2O7S
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
364.29551243782
|
| Exact Mass |
364.055
|
| CAS # |
283159-88-6
|
| Related CAS # |
Gamma-glutamylcysteine;636-58-8
|
| PubChem CID |
139035037
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
12
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
23
|
| Complexity |
367
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
|
| SMILES |
SCC(C(=O)O)NC(CCC(C(=O)O)N)=O.FC(C(=O)O)(F)F
|
| InChi Key |
WBAPFIMTGPKLNF-FHAQVOQBSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C8H14N2O5S.C2HF3O2/c9-4(7(12)13)1-2-6(11)10-5(3-16)8(14)15;3-2(4,5)1(6)7/h4-5,16H,1-3,9H2,(H,10,11)(H,12,13)(H,14,15);(H,6,7)/t4-,5-;/m0./s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S)-2-amino-5-[[(1R)-1-carboxy-2-sulfanylethyl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid;2,2,2-trifluoroacetic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~274.50 mM)
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~274.50 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.86 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.86 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.86 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7450 mL | 13.7250 mL | 27.4499 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5490 mL | 2.7450 mL | 5.4900 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2745 mL | 1.3725 mL | 2.7450 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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