γ-Aminobutyric acid (30 μM) depolarizes cortical progenitor cells (E16 cells), causes inward currents in ventricular zone (VZ) cells, and inhibits DNA synthesis at a half-maximum response concentration of 5 μM [3]. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (1–5 μM; 18 h) increases cortical plate (cp) cell motility and inhibits migration, while G protein activation is involved in chemotactic signaling. GAD is expressed by cp neurons. Growth is restricted and cell cycle arrest occurs in the S phase due to the activation of GABA A receptors by γ-aminobutyric acid [5].

Mice's ability to sleep can be improved by gamma-aminobutyric acid (33.95, 102.25, 306.75 mg/kg; po; single dose) [6]. ? In rats (DEHP) exposed to di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (1, 2, 4? mg/kg/d; oral; 30 days) decreases anxiety, improves food consumption, and repairs exposure-related damage [7].

Cell Migration Assay[4]
Cell Types: Cortical Plate (cp) Neuronal
Tested Concentrations: 1-5 μM
Incubation Duration: 18 hrs (hours)
Experimental Results: Promotes motility via G protein activation and blocks attractants via GABAA receptor-mediated depolarization induced migration.

Animal/Disease Models: Pathogen-free (SPF) Bagg albino (Balb/c) mice (18–20 g, 8 weeks old) [6]
Doses: 33.95, 102.25, 306.75 mg/kg single dose; administered at 20 mL/kg; Measured results in hrs (hrs (hours)): more effectively extend sleep time, increase sleep rate, and shorten sleep latency.

---

Animal/Disease Models: SD (SD (Sprague-Dawley)) rats induced by DEHP (500 mg/kg) [7]
Doses: 1, 2, 4 mg/kg
Route of Administration: po (oral gavage); combined administration; 30 days
Experimental Results: Treated with DEHP Levels of nitric oxide and nitric oxide synthase are diminished in rats.

[1]. Effects of dietary gamma-aminobutyric acid supplementation on the intestinal functions in weaning piglets. Food Funct. 2019 Jan 2.

[2]. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated neural connections in the Drosophila antennal lobe. J Comp Neurol. 2009 May 1;514(1):74-91.

Gamma-aminobutyric acid is a gamma-amino acid that is butanoic acid with the amino substituent located at C-4. It has a role as a signalling molecule, a human metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a neurotransmitter. It is a gamma-amino acid and a monocarboxylic acid. It is functionally related to a butyric acid. It is a conjugate acid of a gamma-aminobutyrate. It is a tautomer of a gamma-aminobutyric acid zwitterion.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
gamma-Aminobutyric acid is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (strain K12, MG1655).
4-Aminobutanoate has been reported in Angelica gigas, Microchloropsis, and other organisms with data available.
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid is a naturally occurring neurotransmitter with central nervous system (CNS) inhibitory activity. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), converted from the principal excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in the brain, plays a role in regulating neuronal excitability by binding to its receptors, GABA-A and GABA-B, and thereby causing ion channel opening, hyperpolarization and eventually inhibition of neurotransmission.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is an inhibitory neurotransmitter found in the nervous systems of widely divergent species. It is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate central nervous system. In vertebrates, GABA acts at inhibitory synapses in the brain. GABA acts by binding to specific transmembrane receptors in the plasma membrane of both pre- and postsynaptic neurons. This binding causes the opening of ion channels to allow either the flow of negatively-charged chloride ions into the cell or positively-charged potassium ions out of the cell. This will typically result in a negative change in the transmembrane potential, usually causing hyperpolarization. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. These include GABAA and GABAC ionotropic receptors, which are ion channels themselves, and GABAB metabotropic receptors, which are G protein-coupled receptors that open ion channels via intermediaries (G proteins). Neurons that produce GABA as their output are called GABAergic neurons, and have chiefly inhibitory action at receptors in the vertebrate. Medium Spiny Cells are a typical example of inhibitory CNS GABAergic cells. GABA exhibits excitatory actions in insects, mediating muscle activation at synapses between nerves and muscle cells and also the stimulation of certain glands. GABA has also been shown to have excitatory roles in the vertebrate, most notably in the developing cortex. Organisms synthesize GABA from glutamate using the enzyme L-glutamic acid decarboxylase and pyridoxal phosphate as a cofactor. It is worth noting that this involves converting the principal excitatory neurotransmitter (glutamate) into the principal inhibitory one (GABA). Drugs that act as agonists of GABA receptors (known as GABA analogues or GABAergic drugs) or increase the available amount of GABA typically have relaxing, anti-anxiety and anti-convulsive effects. Doses of GABA 1 to 3 g orally also have been used effectively to raise the IQ of mentally retarded persons. GABA is found to be deficient in cerebrospinal fluid and brain in many studies of experimental and human epilepsy. Benzodiazepines (such as Valium) are useful in status epilepticus because they act on GABA receptors. GABA increases in the brain after administration of many seizure medications. Hence, GABA is clearly an antiepileptic nutrient. Inhibitors of GAM metabolism can also produce convulsions. Spasticity and involuntary movement syndromes, e.g., Parkinson's, Friedreich's ataxia, tardive dyskinesia, and Huntington's chorea are all marked by low GABA when amino acid levels are studied. Trials of 2 to 3 g of GABA given orally have been effective in various epilepsy and spasticity syndromes. Agents that elevate GABA also are useful in lowering hypertension. Three grams orally have been effective in control of blood pressure. GABA is decreased in various encephalopathies. GABA can reduce appetite and is decreased in hypoglycemics. GABA reduces blood sugar in diabetics. Chronic brain syndromes can also be marked by deficiency of GABA; GABA has many promising uses in therapy. Cerebrospinal fluid levels of GABA may be useful in diagnosing very serious diseases. Vitamin B6, manganese, taurine and lysine can increase both GABA synthesis and effects, while aspartic acid and glutamic acid probably inhibit GABA effects. The brain's principal inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA, along with serotonin and norepinephrine, is one of several neurotransmitters that appear to be involved in the pathogenesis of anxiety and mood disorders. There are two principal subtypes of postsynaptic GABA receptor complexes, the GABA-A and GABA-B receptor complexes. Activation of the GABA-B receptor by GABA causes neuronal membrane hyperpolarization and a resultant inhibition of neurotransmitter release. In addition to binding sites for GABA, the GABA-A receptor has binding sites for benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and neurosteroids. GABA-A receptors are coupled to chloride ion channels; activation of the receptor induces increased inward chloride ion flux, resulting in membrane hyperpolarization and neuronal inhibition. After release into the synapse, free GABA that does not bind to either the GABA-A or GABA-B receptor complexes can be taken up by neurons and glial cells. Four different membrane transporter proteins, known as GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1, which differ in their distribution in the CNS, are believed to mediate the uptake of synaptic GABA into neurons and glial cells. The GABA-A receptor subtype regulates neuronal excitability and rapid changes in fear arousal, such as anxiety, panic, and the acute stress response. Drugs that stimulate GABA-A receptors, such as the benzodiazepines and barbiturates, have anxiolytic and anti-seizure effects via GABA-A-mediated reduction of neuronal excitability, which effectively raises the seizure threshold. In support of the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic effects of the GABA-A receptor are findings that GABA-A antagonists produce convulsions in animals and the demonstration that there is decreased GABA-A receptor binding in a positron emission tomography (PET) study of patients with panic disorder. Low plasma GABA has been reported in some depressed patients and, in fact, may be a useful trait marker for mood disorders.
The most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
See also: ... View More ...

C4H9NO2

103.1198

103.063

56-12-2

53504-43-1;5959-35-3 (hydrochloride);6610-05-5 (mono-hydrochloride salt);70582-09-1 (calcium salt (2:1))

119

White to off-white solid powder

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

248.0±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg

195-204ºC

103.8±22.6 °C

0.0±1.0 mmHg at 25°C

1.465

-0.64

2

3

3

7

62.7

0

O([H])C(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N([H])[H])=O

DF468; DF 468; Aminalon

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~484.87 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (969.74 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication (<60°C).

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)