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| ln Vitro |
Tissue factor (TF)-mRNA levels did not significantly rise in response to low fructose concentrations. On the other hand, when compared to unstimulated cells, varying fructose doses led to higher TF mRNA levels at 60 minutes. tPA-mRNA levels were significantly reduced in response to an increase in fructose concentration. Reduced levels of fructose-induced TF expression/activity are linked to the considerable prevention of fructose-induced NF-κB activation by SOD [1].
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| ln Vivo |
Fructose can be utilized in animal modeling to create diabetes and high uric acid pre-models. In rodents given no fructose, the portal (0.060 ± 0.006 mM, in all cases) and systemic (0.030 ± 0.003 mM) concentrations were higher than those of the portal venous in the wild-type model given 20% fructose from time (it rose by more than double (~0.13 mM) from t)=0 to t=1 hour after feeding). Similarly, one hour after eating, whole body serum fructose increased from 0.037 at t=0 to 0.13 mM. The 20% group of fasted (t=0) and 0% mice had equal postprandial amounts of serum fructose at the pulse and systemic levels, suggesting that food has no effect on core fructose concentrations during fasting. Under identical diet, period, and sampling location, serum fructose concentrations in KHK-/- mice were 5 to 100 times greater than in wild-type samples. In comparison to mice given 0% fructose, mice fed 20% fructose had mean (all time points) portal venous and systemic arterial concentrations that were ∼3 (P=0.004) and ∼2 (P=0.04) higher, respectively. The whole body fructose concentration in the KHK-/- model fed fructose was almost three times greater than in the KHK-/- model, although it was equivalent in the wild-type model fed fructose [2].
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
TWICE THE CONCN OF FRUCTOSE CAN BE INFUSED AT THE SAME RATE AS DEXTROSE WITH BETTER RETENTION AND LESS DISTURBANCE OF FLUID BALANCE. ...ADVANTAGES OF FRUCTOSE IS ITS RAPID REMOVAL FROM EXTRACELLULAR SPACE, & THEREFORE, URINARY EXCRETION IS MINIMIZED. Metabolism / Metabolites IN ABSENCE OF GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE IS PHOSPHORYLATED PERIPHERALLY BY HEXOKINASE TO FRUCTOSE-6-PHOSPHATE, &, ON ACCOUNT OF HIGH KM VALUE FOR FRUCTOSE & LOW KM VALUE FOR GLUCOSE, LATTER IS PREFERENTIALLY PHOSPHORYLATED BY THIS ENZYME IN PERIPHERAL TISSUES. ORAL FRUCTOSE IS OFTEN CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE IN INTESTINAL MUCOSA OF A NUMBER OF SPECIES, SUCH AS GUINEA PIG, HAMSTER, & DOG. NEWBORN PIGS & YOUNG CALVES UP TO 1 MO OF AGE CANNOT UTILIZE IT. SPECIES...WITH LOW GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE & RELATED ENZYME DEFICIENCIES MAY HAVE DIFFICULTY IN METABOLIZING IT. FRUCTOSE IS MORE RAPIDLY METABOLIZED & MORE QUICKLY CONVERTED TO GLYCOGEN THAN IS DEXTROSE, & PRESENCE OF INSULIN IS NOT NECESSARY FOR THIS REACTION TO TAKE PLACE. WHEN...INJECTED LOWER LEVELS OF BLOOD SUGAR & LESS SPILLAGE RESULT THAN WHEN SIMILAR AMT OF DEXTROSE ARE GIVEN @ SAME RATE. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Interactions
IN CONTROLLED STUDY OF PATIENTS WITH ACUTE ALCOHOLIC INTOXICATION, IV INFUSION OF LARGE DOSE...CAUSED SMALL BUT STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT INCR IN RATE OF FALL OF BLOOD ETHANOL LEVELS. ... USUAL EXPLANATION FOR THIS EFFECT OF FRUCTOSE... IS ENHANCEMENT OF ACTION OF ALC DEHYDROGENASE BY SUGAR ITSELF OR BY ONE OF ITS METABOLITES. REDUCTION IN MUTAGENICITY OF CIGARETTE SMOKE BY INTERACTION OF SMOKE CONDENSATES WITH ADDED FRUCTOSE. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Beta-D-fructopyranose is a D-fructopyranose in which the anomeric centre has beta-configuration. It is an enantiomer of a beta-L-fructopyranose.
beta-D-Fructopyranose has been reported in Centaurea jacea and Centaurea bracteata with data available. See also: D-Fructose (annotation moved to). Therapeutic Uses ...IT IS UTILIZED BY DIABETIC PATIENTS WITH KETOACIDOSIS...MAY BE USEFUL IN EARLY MANAGEMENT OF THIS COMPLICATION OF DIABETES MELLITUS. MEDICATION (VET): AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR GLUCOSE IN PARENTERAL FLUIDS SINCE IT DOES NOT EXCEED RENAL THRESHOLD AS READILY. THUS, 10% SOLN CAN BE USED INSTEAD OF 5% GLUCOSE PROVIDING MORE TOTAL CALORIES PER ML, & THIS ACCOUNTS FOR ITS USE IN ACETONEMIA THERAPY IN ADULT CATTLE. FRUCTOSE SOLN, LIKE THOSE OF DEXTROSE, ARE EMPLOYED TO REPLACE OR SUPPLEMENT ORAL CONSUMPTION OF FOOD OR WATER IN ORDER TO PROVIDE CALORIES REQUIRED FOR METABOLIC NEEDS, TO SUPPLY BODY WATER, TO SPARE BODY PROTEINS, TO LOWER PRODN OF EXCESS KETONES BY LIVER, & TO SPARE LOSS OF ELECTROLYTES. DENTAL ASPECTS OF CONSUMPTION OF FRUCTOSE DIETS RESULTED IN REDUCTION OF INCIDENCE OF DENTAL CARIES BY 30%. For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for FRUCTOSE (6 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Drug Warnings SUBCUTANEOUS ROUTE IS NOT RECOMMENDED, BECAUSE SUGARS GIVEN SC CAUSE ELECTROLYTE DISTORTIONS, WHICH OCCASIONALLY MAY BE SEVERE. FRUCTOSE IS NONTOXIC BUT SOLN SHOULD BE ADMIN SLOWLY. IT DECOMPOSES IN ALKALINE SOLN & THUS SUBSTANCES WHICH WOULD RAISE PH ABOVE 7 SHOULD NOT BE ADDED. CALCIUM & BARIUM FORM INSOL COMPLEXES WITH FRUCTOSE WHEN PH EXCEEDS 7 & ARE THUS INCOMPATIBLE. CLOUDY SOLN OF FRUCTOSE SHOULD NOT BE USED. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H12O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.15588
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| Exact Mass |
180.063
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| CAS # |
7660-25-5
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| PubChem CID |
24310
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
551.7±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
100 - 110ºC
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| Flash Point |
301.5±26.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.4 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.574
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| LogP |
-1.63
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
162
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C1[C@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@](O1)(CO)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
LKDRXBCSQODPBY-ARQDHWQXSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-2-6(11)5(10)4(9)3(8)1-12-6/h3-5,7-11H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5+,6-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S,4R,5R)-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~555.06 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~555.06 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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