| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
The primary target of FDG is the enzyme β-galactosidase, which hydrolyzes the glycosidic bonds, releasing the highly fluorescent fluorescein molecule. This enzymatic reaction forms the basis for its use as a reporter system in gene expression studies, where the lacZ gene encoding β-galactosidase is commonly employed as a reporter.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) yielded more fluorescein in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) method yields significantly higher fluorescein levels than the dual substrate method. The method of fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside) yields fluorescein di(β-D-galactopyranoside). In Hs68 cells, the amount of fluorescein generated by galactopyranoside is directly correlated with the passage number [1].
FDG itself does not possess intrinsic biological activity; its activity is dependent on the enzymatic hydrolysis by β-galactosidase. Upon cleavage, the released fluorescein exhibits bright green fluorescence with excitation at 485 nm and emission at 535 nm. The fluorescence intensity is directly proportional to the enzymatic activity, enabling precise quantification. |
| ln Vivo |
FDG is not typically used for in vivo activity studies as a therapeutic agent. Instead, it is used in vivo as a imaging probe in animal models. The compound is administered to animals expressing β-galactosidase, and fluorescence imaging is performed to detect enzyme activity in specific tissues or tumors. It has been applied in flow cytometry for detecting β-galactosidase in animal, bacterial, and yeast cells.
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| Enzyme Assay |
FDG is dissolved in an appropriate buffer (e.g., PBS) at a specific concentration. The assay mixture contains FDG and the β-galactosidase enzyme in a reaction buffer at optimal pH (typically 7.0-7.5). The reaction is incubated at 37°C for a defined period. The fluorescence is measured using a fluorometer or plate reader at λ_ex=485 nm and λ_em=535 nm. A standard curve using purified fluorescein is used for quantification.
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| Cell Assay |
Cells expressing β-galactosidase (e.g., transfected with lacZ reporter) are cultured in appropriate media. FDG is added to the cell culture medium at a defined concentration and incubated at 37°C for a specified time. Cells are then harvested, and fluorescence is measured using a flow cytometer or fluorescence microscope. Alternatively, cell lysates are prepared and incubated with FDG, and fluorescence is measured in a plate reader.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal models (e.g., mice) expressing β-galactosidase in specific tissues or xenograft tumors are used. FDG is administered via intravenous injection or intraperitoneally. After a specified time, animals are sacrificed, and tissues are harvested. Tissue homogenates are prepared, and fluorescence is measured to quantify β-galactosidase activity. Alternatively, whole-body fluorescence imaging can be performed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
FDG (MW 656.59) is a hydrophilic compound with good aqueous solubility. It is typically stored at -20°C, protected from light. Pharmacokinetic properties are not typically studied for this substrate as it is used as a probe rather than a therapeutic agent. It is expected to be cleared renally.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
FDG is considered non-toxic for research applications at the concentrations used for enzymatic assays. It is not intended for human therapeutic use. Safety data indicate standard laboratory precautions should be taken. No significant cytotoxicity has been reported in cell-based assays at typical working concentrations.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
FDG is a research tool and not a therapeutic drug. It is widely used for gene expression studies, enzymatic reporter systems, and high-throughput screening applications. It is also known as Fluorescein-digalactoside. The compound is valued for its robust signal generation and sensitivity, making it a standard reagent in molecular biology laboratories.
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| Molecular Formula |
C32H32O15
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
656.58748
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| Exact Mass |
656.174
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| CAS # |
17817-20-8
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| PubChem CID |
122063
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| Appearance |
Yellow to orange solid powder
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| Density |
1.74 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
974.8ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
200-203ºC (dec.)
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| Flash Point |
316.5ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
0mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.764
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| LogP |
-0.2
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
15
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
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| Heavy Atom Count |
47
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| Complexity |
1050
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
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| SMILES |
C1=CC=C2C(=C1)C(=O)OC23C4=C(C=C(C=C4)O[C@H]5[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O5)CO)O)O)O)OC6=C3C=CC(=C6)O[C@H]7[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O7)CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
ZTOBILYWTYHOJB-WBCGDKOGSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C32H32O15/c33-11-21-23(35)25(37)27(39)30(45-21)42-13-5-7-17-19(9-13)44-20-10-14(43-31-28(40)26(38)24(36)22(12-34)46-31)6-8-18(20)32(17)16-4-2-1-3-15(16)29(41)47-32/h1-10,21-28,30-31,33-40H,11-12H2/t21-,22-,23+,24+,25+,26+,27-,28-,30-,31-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
3',6'-bis[[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy]spiro[2-benzofuran-3,9'-xanthene]-1-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: (1). This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. (2). This product is not stable in solution, please use freshly prepared working solution for optimal results. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~5.56 mg/mL (~8.47 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 0.56 mg/mL (0.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 5.6 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 0.56 mg/mL (0.85 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 5.6 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.5230 mL | 7.6151 mL | 15.2302 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3046 mL | 1.5230 mL | 3.0460 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1523 mL | 0.7615 mL | 1.5230 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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