| Size | Price | |
|---|---|---|
| 5mg | ||
| 10mg |
| Targets |
DNA (as a base lesion); recognized by base excision repair (BER) enzymes such as Fpg (formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase) and Nth (endonuclease III).
|
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
FAPy-adenine is able to form pairs with each of the four standard nucleic acid bases [1].
In purified enzyme assays, FAPy-adenine-containing oligonucleotides serve as substrates for E. coli Fpg (kcat/Km ≈ 2.5×10⁶ M-¹min-¹) and human NTH1 (lower affinity). Causes G→T transversions in DNA polymerase bypass assays. |
| ln Vivo |
Alzheimer's disease-related oxidative stress in the brain is thought to be exacerbated by oxygen-derived free radicals causing damage to nuclear DNA [1].
Not applicable as therapeutic; endogenously, FAPy-adenine levels in rodent liver increase after whole-body irradiation (0.1-10 Gy) in a dose-dependent manner, peaking at 2 h and decreasing over 24 h due to repair. |
| Enzyme Assay |
BER glycosylase cleavage assay: 5'-FAM-labeled 30-mer oligo containing a single FAPy-adenine (1 pmol) incubated with 0.5 nM Fpg in 20 uL buffer (70 mM MOPS-KOH pH 7.5, 10 mM EDTA) at 37degC for 15 min; reaction stopped with formamide; products resolved by 20% PAGE; fluorescence imaging of cleaved vs uncleaved bands.
|
| Cell Assay |
Not a drug; however, for cellular damage measurement: human lymphocytes treated with 200 uM H2O2 for 30 min, DNA extracted, hydrolyzed (88% formic acid, 140degC, 20 min), then FAPy-adenine quantified by LC-MS/MS; levels increase from baseline ~0.5 lesions/10⁶ bases to ~8 lesions/10⁶ bases.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Rats exposed to 5 Gy gamma irradiation; tissues (liver, kidney, brain) collected at 0, 6, 24, 48 h; DNA isolated, purified, and hydrolyzed; FAPy-adenine measured by HPLC-ECD; shows peak at 6 h then decline; correlating with comet assay tail moment.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Not pharmacokinetics; as biomarker, urinary FAPy-adenine excretion in humans is ~0.5-2 nmol/24 h, increasing with age (2-fold from 20 to 80 years) and in Alzheimer's patients (4-fold). No metabolism; excreted directly in urine after repair.
|
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Not toxic per se; elevated FAPy-adenine is associated with mutagenesis and carcinogenesis. Used as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage; levels >10 lesions/10⁶ bases correlate with increased mutation frequency in colon crypts of inflammatory bowel disease patients.
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
4,6-Diamino-5-carbamate is an aminopyrimidine compound, consisting of an additional formamid group at the 5-position of 4,6-diaminopyrimidine. It causes DNA damage when DNA is exposed to ionizing radiation. It is both an aminopyrimidine and a formamidine.
Widely used as an analytical standard in DNA damage research. Quantified by LC-MS/MS (transition 152→135) or HPLC with electrochemical detection. Often co-analyzed with 8-oxo-dG. Available as a reference compound for mechanistic studies on base excision repair and oxidative stress. |
| Molecular Formula |
C5H7N5O
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
153.14200
|
| Exact Mass |
281.08
|
| CAS # |
5122-36-1
|
| Related CAS # |
FAPy-adenine; 5122-36-1
|
| PubChem CID |
114926
|
| Appearance |
Off-white to light yellow solid powder
|
| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
464.7±47.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
224 - 226 °C
|
| Flash Point |
234.8±29.3 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.1 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.674
|
| Source |
Endogenously produced metabolite
|
| LogP |
1.92
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
11
|
| Complexity |
131
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
O=CNC1=C(N)N=CN=C1N
|
| InChi Key |
MVYUVUOSXNYQLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C5H7N5O/c6-4-3(10-2-11)5(7)9-1-8-4/h1-2H,(H,10,11)(H4,6,7,8,9)
|
| Chemical Name |
N-(4,6-diaminopyrimidin-5-yl)formamide
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~17.86 mg/mL (~116.63 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (13.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1.79 mg/mL (11.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 17.9 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 1.79 mg/mL (11.69 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.5300 mL | 32.6499 mL | 65.2997 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3060 mL | 6.5300 mL | 13.0599 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6530 mL | 3.2650 mL | 6.5300 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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