| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Enocyanin primarily targets metabolic enzymes, including leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and esterase. It exhibits inhibitory effects on these enzymes, with its activity classified under the Phosphatase target category and the Metabolic Enzyme/Protease pathway.
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| ln Vitro |
Leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, and esterase activities were all affected by enocyanin (0.1%) to varying degrees, with results of 63%, 100%, 134%, and 99%, respectively [1].
In vitro, Enocyanin (0.1%) modulates the activity of leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and esterase, showing relative activity changes of 63%, 100%, 134%, and 99%, respectively. These findings demonstrate its broad inhibitory spectrum against several key metabolic enzymes in cell-free systems. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity data for Enocyanin are limited; however, as a dietary anthocyanin, it is generally associated with antioxidant and metabolic regulatory effects observed in animal models consuming grape-derived polyphenols. The compound's systemic bioavailability after oral administration is typically low due to extensive first-pass metabolism, which is characteristic of most dietary anthocyanins.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The enzyme inhibition assay for Enocyanin is performed using cell-free systems where the compound is incubated with purified enzymes (leucine aminopeptidase, acid phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, and esterase) and their respective chromogenic substrates. Enzyme activity is measured spectrophotometrically by monitoring the release of chromophores, and inhibition is calculated relative to untreated control samples.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for Enocyanin typically involve culturing cell lines (such as intestinal epithelial or hepatocyte models) with varying concentrations of the compound (e.g., 0.1%) for defined periods. Post-treatment, cells are harvested for assessment of enzyme activities, oxidative stress markers, or inflammatory cytokine levels via colorimetric, fluorometric, or ELISA-based methods.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo studies for Enocyanin are generally conducted in rodent models using oral gavage or dietary administration. Standard protocols involve daily dosing for 1-4 weeks, followed by collection of blood, liver, and intestinal tissues for biochemical analysis of enzyme activities, lipid profiles, and antioxidant status. Doses are typically based on human equivalent dietary intake levels (e.g., 50-200 mg/kg).
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic profile of Enocyanin is characterized by low oral bioavailability due to extensive first-pass metabolism in the liver and intestine. Peak plasma concentrations are reached within 1-2 hours post-administration. The compound is rapidly eliminated with a short half-life, and its metabolites are primarily excreted via urine and bile. Tissue distribution is limited, with higher concentrations observed in the gastrointestinal tract.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for Enocyanin are derived from studies on natural food dyes. Acute toxicity studies in Paramecium caudatum have been conducted to evaluate enzyme inhibition and overall toxicity. In mammalian models, anthocyanins are generally regarded as safe, with no significant genotoxicity or carcinogenicity reported at dietary relevant doses. High-dose studies may show mild gastrointestinal effects.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Flavylium is a type of chromeneonium compound with a phenyl substituent at the 2-position. It is functionally related to chromeneonium. Flavylium has been reported in Tradescantia pallida and Callistephus chinensis, with available data. Flavonoids are a class of flavonoids derived from flavonols, lacking the ketone oxygen at the 4-position. They are glycosylated derivatives of cyanidin, pelargonidin, or delphinidin. Conjugated bonds give plant flowers their blue, red, and purple hues. See also: grape anthocyanins (note moved here).
Enocyanin is widely used as a natural food colorant in the food and beverage industry. Its pharmacological applications include research on metabolic enzyme inhibition and the potential health benefits of dietary anthocyanins. The product is for research use only and not for human therapeutic applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H11O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
207.24724
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| Exact Mass |
207.08
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| CAS # |
11029-12-2
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| PubChem CID |
145858
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| Appearance |
Brown to reddish brown solid powder
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| LogP |
4.38
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
0
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
16
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| Complexity |
220
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
NWKFECICNXDNOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H11O/c1-2-6-12(7-3-1)15-11-10-13-8-4-5-9-14(13)16-15/h1-11H/q+1
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| Chemical Name |
2-phenylchromenylium
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 50 mg/mL H2O : ~5 mg/mL
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: 1.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.8251 mL | 24.1255 mL | 48.2509 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9650 mL | 4.8251 mL | 9.6502 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4825 mL | 2.4125 mL | 4.8251 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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