| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Enkephalinamide-leu targets the delta opioid receptor. The delta opioid receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that is activated by endogenous opioid peptides such as enkephalins. Activation of the delta opioid receptor leads to the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, the opening of potassium channels, and the closing of calcium channels, resulting in neuronal hyperpolarization and reduced neurotransmitter release. This mechanism underlies the analgesic effects of delta opioid receptor agonists. Enkephalinamide-leu is a potent agonist at the delta opioid receptor, as demonstrated by its ability to suppress pelvic nerve-induced contractions with an IC50 of 2.1 nM. The compound's agonistic activity at the delta opioid receptor makes it a valuable tool for studying the role of this receptor in pain modulation, addiction, and other physiological processes.
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| ln Vitro |
[Leu5]-enkephalin can suppress pelvic nerve-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner with an IC50 value of 2.1 nM[2].
Enkephalinamide-leu demonstrates potent in vitro activity as a delta opioid receptor agonist. It suppresses pelvic nerve-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner with an IC50 of 2.1 nM. This indicates that it is a highly potent agonist at the delta opioid receptor. As a delta opioid receptor agonist, it influences analgesic pathways in the central nervous system. In addition to its analgesic effects, Enkephalinamide-leu stimulates pituitary adrenocortical activity. These in vitro findings establish Enkephalinamide-leu as a potent and selective delta opioid receptor agonist with significant biological activity. |
| ln Vivo |
After two weeks of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection, rats' nucleus raphe magnus (NRM) showed significantly higher levels of [Leu5]-Enkephalin (1.02±0.2 pmol/mg protein) compared to rats treated with saline (0.49±0.04 pmol/mg protein; p<0.01). Comparing the caudal ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (PAG) 4 hours, 4 days, and 2 weeks after the CFA injection to saline-treated rats (0.55±0.03 pmol/mg protein; p<0.05, all times), tissue levels of [Leu5]-Enkephalin are uniformly increased. At every time point, the rostral aspect of the ventrolateral PAG showed a lesser increase in [Leu5]-Enkephalin levels. Lastly, four days following the CFA injection, levels of [Leu5]-Enkephalin are also higher in the contralateral microcellular tegmental nucleus (0.53±0.04 pmol/mg protein) than in the rats treated with saline (0.38±0.02 pmol/mg protein; p<0.05).[1].
Enkephalinamide-leu stimulates pituitary adrenocortical activity in vivo. This suggests that it can modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is involved in the stress response. The compound's analgesic effects, mediated through delta opioid receptor activation, would also be expected to occur in vivo. However, specific details on its in vivo efficacy in pain models are not provided in the references. Further in vivo studies are needed to fully characterize its pharmacological effects. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cellular) assay for Enkephalinamide-leu typically involves assessing its affinity for the delta opioid receptor using radioligand binding techniques. In a typical protocol, membrane preparations from cells expressing the delta opioid receptor are incubated with a radiolabeled ligand (e.g., [3H]-naltrindole) and varying concentrations of Enkephalinamide-leu. After incubation, the bound and free radioligand are separated by filtration or centrifugation, and the radioactivity is measured. The displacement of the radioligand by Enkephalinamide-leu is used to calculate its binding affinity (IC50 or Ki). For Enkephalinamide-leu, this method has been used to determine its IC50 of 2.1 nM for the suppression of pelvic nerve-induced contractions. These binding studies are critical for characterizing the compound's affinity and selectivity for its target.
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| Cell Assay |
The in vitro cellular assay for Enkephalinamide-leu typically involves evaluating its effects on neuronal signaling or tissue contraction. In a typical assay, the effect of the compound on pelvic nerve-induced contractions is measured. In this assay, tissue preparations are stimulated electrically, and the contractions are measured in the presence of varying concentrations of Enkephalinamide-leu. The compound suppresses the contractions in a concentration-dependent and reversible manner with an IC50 of 2.1 nM. This assay provides functional evidence for the compound's activity as a delta opioid receptor agonist in a relevant biological context.
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| Animal Protocol |
The in vivo animal experimental protocol for Enkephalinamide-leu would typically involve the use of rodent models to assess its analgesic effects and its effects on the HPA axis. For analgesic studies, the compound would be administered to mice or rats, and its effects on pain responses would be assessed using tests such as the hot plate test, tail-flick test, or formalin test. For studying its effects on the HPA axis, plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) or corticosterone would be measured after compound administration. These in vivo models are essential for demonstrating the compound's pharmacological effects in a whole-organism context.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Specific pharmacokinetic (PK) data for Enkephalinamide-leu, such as half-life, clearance, volume of distribution, or bioavailability, are not reported in the available literature. As a peptide, it is likely to be rapidly degraded by peptidases in the gastrointestinal tract and in the bloodstream, which would limit its oral bioavailability. It would probably need to be administered parenterally for systemic effects. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its PK properties.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity (toxicology) data for Enkephalinamide-leu are not reported in the available literature. However, as a delta opioid receptor agonist, it may have potential for abuse and dependence. Its effects on the HPA axis could also have implications for stress responses. Comprehensive toxicological assessments would be necessary to fully evaluate its safety for potential therapeutic applications.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Enkephalinamide-leu is also known as [Leu5]-Enkephalin, amide, Leu-enkephalinamide, and H-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-NH2. It is a delta opioid receptor agonist. It suppresses pelvic nerve-induced contractions with an IC50 of 2.1 nM and stimulates pituitary adrenocortical activity. The compound has a molecular formula of C29H39N7O6 (free base). It is used as a pharmacological tool to study delta opioid receptor function and pain modulation.
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| Molecular Formula |
C28H38N6O6
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| Molecular Weight |
554.64
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| Exact Mass |
554.285
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| CAS # |
60117-24-0
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| PubChem CID |
100168
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.254 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
1012.8ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
566.3ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.586
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| LogP |
2.202
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
7
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
15
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| Heavy Atom Count |
40
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| Complexity |
854
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
YZXGODHVAJPXSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C28H38N6O6/c1-17(2)12-22(26(30)38)34-28(40)23(14-18-6-4-3-5-7-18)33-25(37)16-31-24(36)15-32-27(39)21(29)13-19-8-10-20(35)11-9-19/h3-11,17,21-23,35H,12-16,29H2,1-2H3,(H2,30,38)(H,31,36)(H,32,39)(H,33,37)(H,34,40)
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| Chemical Name |
2-[[2-[[2-[[2-[[2-amino-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]acetyl]amino]acetyl]amino]-3-phenylpropanoyl]amino]-4-methylpentanamide
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| Synonyms |
Leucine enkephalinamide; Leu-enkephalinamide; Enkephalinamide-leu
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~250 mg/mL (~450.74 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (3.75 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.8030 mL | 9.0149 mL | 18.0297 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3606 mL | 1.8030 mL | 3.6059 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1803 mL | 0.9015 mL | 1.8030 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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