| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10g |
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| 25g |
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| 50g |
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| 100g |
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| 200g | |||
| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
This study focuses on dulcitol as a metabolite formed from galactose by aldose reductase, and its accumulation in the lens as a factor in cataract formation.
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| ln Vivo |
In pigs fed a 5% galactose diet or a 25% hydrolyzed whey (HW) diet (containing 5% galactose) for 30 days, dulcitol accumulated in the lens, reaching levels of 200-400 µg per lens at the end of the diet period.
Lens dulcitol levels tended to be lower in female pigs compared to males, and lower in pigs on the pure galactose diet compared to those on the HW diet, but these differences were not statistically significant. A good correlation was found between the mean plasma galactose peak over the 4-week diet period and the final lens dulcitol level (r = 0.85, n = 20). However, no relationship was found between plasma dulcitol levels and lens dulcitol content. [1] |
| Animal Protocol |
The study was performed on male and female pigs to compare their tolerance to galactose-containing diets.
Pigs were fed one of two experimental diets for a period of 30 days: a diet containing 5% pure galactose, or a diet containing 25% hydrolyzed whey (HW), which provided an equivalent amount of galactose (5%). Blood samples were collected throughout the diet period to measure plasma galactose and dulcitol levels. Specifically, on the first and 29th day of the diet, plasma galactose kinetics were followed for 4 hours after ingestion. At the end of the 30-day diet period, the pigs were sacrificed, and their lenses were removed for the measurement of dulcitol content. [1] |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
In pigs fed a galactose-containing diet, plasma galactitol levels fluctuated between 2 and 8 mg/L within 4 hours after galactose intake. Plasma galactitol levels increased during the first 8 to 15 days of diet feeding, followed by a decrease in both male and female pigs fed the two diets. There was no significant correlation between plasma galactitol levels and the amount of galactitol accumulated in the lens, suggesting that plasma galactitol may originate from other sites besides the lens, such as the activity of aldose reductase in blood vessels or the intestine. [1]
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Summary
Accumulation of galactitol in the body has been shown to be toxic. Accumulation of galactitol in the lens can lead to osmosis, which in turn can cause cataracts. In patients with galactosemia (a type of galactokinase deficiency), galactitol may be excessively formed in the lens. In this animal model, accumulation of betaine alcohol produced by the metabolism of dietary galactose by aldose reductase in the lens was associated with the formation of galactose-induced cataracts. [1] |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Galactitol is an optically active, inactive hexitol with a meso compound configuration. It is a metabolite, found in humans, E. coli, and mice. Galactitol is a metabolite discovered or produced in E. coli strains K12 and MG1655. It has also been reported in Gymnopilus spectabilis, Salacia chinensis, and other organisms with relevant data. Galactitol is a natural product derived from the reduction of galactose in plants. It is a slightly sweet, white crystalline powder. In patients with galactosemia (a galactokinase deficiency), galactitol may be excessively formed in the lens of the eye.
Dulciol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) produced by the reduction of galactose by aldose reductase, and is mainly produced in tissues such as the lens of the eye. In this study, Dulciol was not used as a drug, but was studied as a pathogenic metabolite. The accumulation of galactitol in the lens is a key event in the osmotic stress theory of diabetic cataracts because it does not easily cross the cell membrane, leading to water inflow, fibrous swelling and lens opacity. This study explored factors influencing galactitol accumulation, including the form of dietary galactose (pure galactose and galactose in hydrolyzed whey), duration of diet, and animal sex. The results showed that plasma galactose levels, rather than plasma galactitol levels, were better predictors of galactitol accumulation in the lens during long-term galactose intake. [1] |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H14O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
182.1718
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| Exact Mass |
182.079
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| CAS # |
608-66-2
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| Related CAS # |
Dulcite-13C;2484171-11-9;Dulcite-13C-1;Dulcite-13C-2;Dulcite-13C-3;Dulcite-d2;91992-02-8
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| PubChem CID |
11850
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
494.9±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
188-189ºC
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| Flash Point |
292.5±23.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.597
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| LogP |
-4.67
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
12
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| Complexity |
105
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
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| SMILES |
C([C@H]([C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H](CO)O)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
FBPFZTCFMRRESA-GUCUJZIJSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H14O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h3-12H,1-2H2/t3-,4+,5+,6-
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S,4R,5S)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol
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| Synonyms |
Dulcitol; Melampyrit; NSC 1944; NSC1944; NSC-1944;
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 25 mg/mL (~137.23 mM)
DMSO : ~25 mg/mL (~137.23 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.4894 mL | 27.4469 mL | 54.8938 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0979 mL | 5.4894 mL | 10.9788 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5489 mL | 2.7447 mL | 5.4894 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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