| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
No therapeutic target; it is a chemical precursor. Its mechanism of action is chemical rather than pharmacological: it is converted to artemisinin, which then acts on the malaria parasite by generating reactive oxygen species and alkylating heme. The conversion is driven by singlet oxygen and proceeds through a series of peroxy-acid and peroxide intermediates.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, dihydroartemisinic acid can be converted to artemisinin in cell-free systems using simple incubation with light (or photo-oxidation) and oxygen. The conversion efficiency can be monitored by TLC or HPLC. It also serves as a substrate for cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP71AV1) in plant microsomes to produce artemisinic acid and artemisinin. It does not exhibit direct cytotoxic activity against Plasmodium falciparum in standard assays (IC50 > 50 µM).
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, dihydroartemisinic acid is not administered as a drug. However, in Artemisia plants, its accumulation correlates positively with artemisinin content. It is metabolized to artemisinin via both spontaneous and enzymatic pathways. In transgenic yeast or plant systems, overproduction of this precursor leads to higher artemisinin yields. No therapeutic studies in animals have been conducted with this compound alone.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Cell-free assays for conversion: dissolve dihydroartemisinic acid in acetonitrile/water and expose to white light (or sunlight) with bubbling air for 24–48 h. Monitor artemisinin formation by HPLC-UV or LC-MS. Yield is calculated as percentage conversion. For enzymatic reactions, incubate with recombinant CYP71AV1 and CPR in the presence of NADPH, then measure products.
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| Cell Assay |
Not typically used in cell-based assays. It can be added to plant cell cultures to study artemisinin biosynthesis, but no mammalian cell studies are relevant. Cytotoxicity may be assessed in HepG2 cells to ensure non-toxic levels, but it has no pharmacological activity.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies are not applicable as the compound is not a drug. In pharmacokinetic studies, it may be dosed to animals to study its conversion to artemisinin, but such studies are rare. Typically, it is used in plant metabolic engineering experiments.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Molecular formula C15H24O2, MW 236.35. Appearance: white to off-white solid. Solubility: soluble in DMSO, ethanol, and other organic solvents; insoluble in water. Storage: -20°C under inert atmosphere, protect from light. Purity >98%. Stable in dark but sensitive to oxygen and light. For conversion studies, use freshly prepared solutions.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No toxicity data available. As a natural precursor, it is considered low-risk, but not for human consumption. Avoid inhalation and contact with skin. Standard chemical safety measures apply.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Dihydroartemisinic acid is a monocarboxylic acid, a product of propionic acid with (1S,4R,4aS,8aR)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphth-1-yl substitution at the 2-position. It is a sesquiterpene precursor of the antimalarial drug artemisinin and plays a metabolic role in plants. It is a carbon-bicyclic compound belonging to the monocarboxylic acid, octahydronaphthyl, and sesquiterpene classes. It is the conjugate acid of dihydroartemisinic acid ester. Dihydroartemisinic acid has been reported in Artemisia annua, Artemisia carvifolia, and Artemisia apiacea.
Research compound used primarily in synthetic biology and plant metabolism studies. It is a key intermediate for semi-synthesis of artemisinin (e.g., in the successful production of artemisinin by Amyris through fermentation of yeast engineered to produce this precursor). No clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H24O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
236.3499
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| Exact Mass |
236.178
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| CAS # |
85031-59-0
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| PubChem CID |
11020893
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| LogP |
3.725
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
17
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| Complexity |
332
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
5
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| SMILES |
C[C@@H]1CC[C@H]([C@@H]2[C@H]1CCC(=C2)C)[C@@H](C)C(=O)O
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| InChi Key |
JYGAZEJXUVDYHI-DGTMBMJNSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H24O2/c1-9-4-6-12-10(2)5-7-13(14(12)8-9)11(3)15(16)17/h8,10-14H,4-7H2,1-3H3,(H,16,17)/t10-,11-,12+,13+,14+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-[(1R,4R,4aS,8aS)-4,7-dimethyl-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,8a-octahydronaphthalen-1-yl]propanoic acid
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~423.10 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (10.58 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.2310 mL | 21.1551 mL | 42.3101 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8462 mL | 4.2310 mL | 8.4620 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4231 mL | 2.1155 mL | 4.2310 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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