Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Ethylaminozine is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. After a single oral dose of 200 to 400 mg, peak plasma concentrations are reached within 1 to 2 hours… The drug is almost entirely excreted in the urine, with over 70% excreted as metabolites. The compound is distributed almost completely in all body fluid compartments, except for adipose tissue. With repeated administration, drug accumulation is minimal. /Ethylaminozine/

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Metabolism/Metabolites Only 10–25% of the drug is excreted unchanged; the remainder is excreted as one of four known metabolites, all of which contain the complete piperazine ring.

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Biological Half-Life …In humans, the plasma half-life is approximately 8 hours after a 200 mg dose and approximately 12 hours after an 800 mg dose.

Non-Human Toxicity Values
Oral LD50 in rats: 1.38 g/kg

Diethylaminozamine citrate is a crystalline solid, white, scoreable tablet. It is used to treat filariasis in humans and animals. (EPA, 1998)
Diethylaminozamine citrate is a piperazine carboxamide compound.
It is an anthelmintic, primarily used in citrate form to treat filariasis, particularly Filaria bancroftian or Filaria loa infections.
See also: Diethylaminozamine citrate; Oxybendazole (component).

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Mechanism of Action
This drug has two effects on susceptible microfilariae. The first effect is to reduce muscle activity, ultimately rendering the microfilariae immobile; this may be due to the hyperpolarization effect of the piperazine moiety, causing the parasite to migrate from its normal habitat within the host. The second effect is to alter the surface membrane of the microfilariae, making them more susceptible to destruction by the host's defense mechanisms. There is conclusive evidence that diethylcarbazine kills adult Loa filariae, and presumptive evidence that it kills adult Bancroftian and Malayan filariae. However, it has little effect on adult Onchocerca foetida. The mechanism of action of diethylcarbazine in killing filarial worms is unclear. /Diethylcarbazine/
It is speculated that in naturally infected animals, diethylcarbazine may somehow promote the binding of serotonin-rich platelet surface antigens and antibodies. Damaged platelets release serotonin, significantly increasing vascular permeability, leading to shock. This usually (but not always) occurs in dogs with high microfilariae levels.
Diethylcarbazine can rapidly eliminate microfilariae of Bancroftian, Malayan, and Loa filariae in human blood. The drug can eliminate Onchocerca foetida microfilariae on the skin, but it cannot kill microfilariae in nodules containing adult (female) worms. Although it can penetrate hydrocele fluid, it is ineffective against Bancroftian microfilariae in hydrocele fluid.

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Therapeutic Uses
Filarinicide; Lipoxygenase Inhibitor
Diethylaminozine citrate is usually administered orally in tablet form. …It can also be administered intramuscularly.
For large-scale treatment (against microfilariae of Filaria bancrofti and Filaria malayi) to reduce microfilariaeemia to a level infective to mosquitoes, the dose is 2 mg/kg three times daily after meals for 7 days. For a cure, this course of treatment should continue for 10 to 30 days. …In practice, the appropriate dose appears to be a total dose of citrate of approximately 72 mg/kg.
For the treatment of Loa microfilariae infection, 2 mg/kg should be taken three times daily after meals for 2 to 3 weeks. If repeated courses are required for a cure, each course should be spaced 3 to 4 weeks apart.
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of diethylaminozine citrate (16 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Drug Warnings
There are no other contraindications to the use of diethylcarbazine except that a low dose should be used for initial treatment (especially in the treatment of onchocerciasis and loa filariasis to minimize adverse reactions caused by killing the parasites).
Extra caution should be exercised when using diethylcarbazine in areas where onchocerciasis and loa filariasis are co-existing. Diethylcarbazine
Patients infected with onchocerciasis or filariasis malariae, as well as those infected with filariasis bancroftian and loa filariasis (milder degrees), may experience severe initial systemic reactions during treatment due to the destruction of large numbers of microfilariae or both. In such cases, the dose should be reduced or the drug temporarily discontinued. For severely infected individuals, pre-treatment with corticosteroids (e.g., dexamethasone, 2 to 4 mg twice daily) may help alleviate these symptoms.
…Diethylcarbazine is strictly contraindicated in dogs with positive microfilariae. The American Veterinary Medical Association's Veterinary Services Committee recommends that all dogs previously treated for heartworm should be re-examined three months after starting diethylcarbazine. If microfilariae are detected, the prophylaxis program must be discontinued until the existing microfilariae are cleared. For more complete data on drug warnings for diethylcarbazine citrate (6 in total), please visit the HSDB records page.

C16H29N3O8

391.4168

391.195

1642-54-2

Diethylcarbamazine;90-89-1

15432

White, crystalline powder

297.4ºC at 760 mmHg

140 °C

116.6ºC

4

9

7

27

411

0

O=C(N(C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H])N1C([H])([H])C([H])([H])N(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])C1([H])[H].O([H])C(C(=O)O[H])(C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H])C([H])([H])C(=O)O[H]

PGNKBEARDDELNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H21N3O.C6H8O7/c1-4-12(5-2)10(14)13-8-6-11(3)7-9-13;7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10/h4-9H2,1-3H3;13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12)

N,N-diethyl-4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxamide;2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~255.48 mM)
DMSO : ≥ 39 mg/mL (~99.64 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.39 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)