Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
400 g of large rainbow trout were exposed to feed pellets containing four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PACs). PAC, lipid, and water content in muscle, liver, viscera, adipose tissue, and blood were analyzed at 5, 10, 15, and 19 weeks. At all collection time points, the highest concentrations per gram (pg) were observed in adipose tissue and viscera, followed by liver and muscle, with the lowest concentrations in blood. When analyzing tissue load, the bioaccumulation of carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, and fluorene was highest in muscle and viscera, intermediate in adipose tissue, and lowest in blood and liver. Carbazole, with the lowest log K(OW) value, also had the lowest concentration in all tissues. Contaminant levels in tissues were significantly correlated with log K(OW) (significance level > 5%), especially under prolonged exposure, and the correlation was even stronger when examining muscle, adipose tissue, and viscera (> 0.05%). Different tissues exhibited different temporal trends, and inter-organ ratios helped determine the duration of exposure. The most significant changes observed over time occurred in visceral organs, compared to other tissues, especially compared to daily exposure. Clearance of contaminants in feces and bile was also compared, as they are complementary tools for assessing recent exposure. Metabolites/Metabolites When cultured in the presence of succinate with dibenzothiophene as a substrate, Begelinkie B8/36 accumulated (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene and dibenzothiophene-5-oxide in the medium. Each metabolite was isolated in crystalline form and characterized using a variety of chemical techniques. A cis-naphthalenedihydrodiol dehydrogenase isolated from Pseudomonas putida oxidized (+)-cis-1,2-dihydroxy-1,2-dihydrodibenzothiophene to a compound preliminarily identified as 1,2-dihydroxydibenzothiophene. ...Microbial transformation of dibenzothiophene (DBT) has potential applications in petroleum desulfurization. The authors isolated three Pseudomonas strains from soil capable of oxidizing DBT to characteristic water-soluble sulfur-containing products. Two of these isolates carried a 55 MDalton plasmid; growth in the presence of neomycin resulted in plasmid loss and the inability to oxidize DBT. Upon re-introduction of the plasmid, these strains regained their ability to oxidize DBT to water-soluble products. The products of DBT oxidation were characterized, including 3-hydroxy-2-formylbenzothiophene, 3-oxo-[3'-hydroxy-thionaphthyl-(2)-methylene]-dihydrothionaphthyl, and the hemiacetal and trans isomer of 4-[2-(3-hydroxy)-thionaphthyl]-2-oxo-3-butenoic acid. The products of DBT oxidation inhibited cell growth and further DBT oxidation. In our soil isolates, naphthalene or salicylates induced DBT oxidation, while DBT itself had a weak inducing effect, and succinate inhibited DBT oxidation. We screened the ability of various microorganisms to desulfurize dibenzothiophene (DBT) via a sulfur-specific pathway. Based on desulfurization activity, we selected strain G3 as the optimal strain. Taxonomical studies showed that this strain belongs to the genus Mycobacterium. Both growing and dormant cells of this strain degraded dibenzothiophene, and 2-hydroxybiphenyl was detected as the final degradation product. Strain G3 could also desulfurize 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene. Sulfate ions inhibited the expression of dibenzothiophene desulfurase. The accumulation of 2-hydroxybiphenyl severely inhibited both cell growth and dibenzothiophene desulfurization. Dormant cells of this strain could desulfurize approximately 250 ppm of dibenzothiophene or 4,6-dimethyldibenzothiophene within 12 hours. This study investigated the microbial degradation of organosulfur compounds under anaerobic conditions using Vibrio desulfurans M6, a sulfate-reducing bacterium isolated from soil. Biphenyl was the main degradation product of dibenzothiophene. This study examined the metabolic pathway of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) fluorene and the co-metabolic pathways of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, anthracene, and dibenzothiophene in Sphingomonas LB126. …For dibenzothiophene, metabolites of dibenzothiophene-5-oxide and dibenzothiophene-5,5-dioxide were identified; these compounds appear to be the terminators of the metabolic pathway. Since no high concentrations of metabolites were found in other substrates besides dibenzothiophene, it is presumed that even the co-metabolic degradation of phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and anthracene occurred completely.

Interactions
Heterocyclic derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are often an important component of mixtures of environmental pollutants; however, their contribution to the toxicity of these mixtures has not been fully characterized. These heterocyclic compounds often coexist with aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) agonists in PAH mixtures. This study aimed to investigate the effects of two PAH heterocyclic compounds, carbazole (CB) and dibenzothiophene (DBT), alone and in combination with an AHR agonist (β-naphthylflavonoid [BNF]), on AHR-mediated cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) activity and fish embryotoxicity. Exposure of killifish embryos to carbazole (CB) or dibenzothiophene (DBT), with or without co-exposure to benzonaphthalene (BNE), showed that, compared to the control group, carbazole alone slightly induced oocyte CYP1A-mediated ethoxyhalothiophene-O-deethylase (EROD) activity, while DBT alone slightly reduced EROD activity. However, in embryos co-exposed to BNE, exposure to either CB or DBT alone reduced EROD activity. In vitro experiments showed that both carbazole and DBT are non-competitive CYP1A inhibitors. Both carbazole and DBT enhanced the embryotoxicity of BNE, but neither was embryotoxic when used alone. In contaminated ecosystems, the co-existence of CB and DBT with PAH-type AHR inducers may increase the toxicity of PAH-type AHR agonists in these environments, and this should be considered when assessing the embryotoxicity of PAH mixtures.

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Non-human toxicity values
Oral LD50 in mice: 470 mg/kg /Data from table/

Dibenzothiophene is a sulfur-containing organic heterotricyclic parent compound consisting of a thiophene ring and two benzene rings fused at the 2,3 and 4,5 positions of the thiophene ring. It is a keratolytic agent. It is a member of the dibenzothiophene class of compounds and also a sulfur-containing organic heterotricyclic parent compound. Dibenzothiophene has been reported in rose and relevant data are available. Dibenzothiophene is a sulfur-containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) derivative composed of three fused rings and possesses keratolytic activity. Dibenzothiophene is a component of petroleum.

C12H8S

184.2569

184.034

132-65-0

Dibenzothiophene-d8;33262-29-2

3023

Colorless crystals

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

332-333 ºC

97-100 °C(lit.)

170 ºC

0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C

1.756

4.38

0

1

0

13

170

0

S1C2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C2C2=C([H])C([H])=C([H])C([H])=C12

IYYZUPMFVPLQIF-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C12H8S/c1-3-7-11-9(5-1)10-6-2-4-8-12(10)13-11/h1-8H

dibenzothiophene

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~75 mg/mL (~407.03 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 3.75 mg/mL (20.35 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 37.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: 3.75 mg/mL (20.35 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 37.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: 3.75 mg/mL (20.35 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 37.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)