For two to twenty-four hours, HK-2 cells were subjected to 0–30 mg I/mL diatrizoate or a vehicle. According to the MTT and trypan blue exclusion experiments, cell viability and mitochondrial content drop after two and twenty-four hours, respectively [2].

One type of iodinated radiocontrast agent is diatrizioic acid. Following the inhalation of diatrizoic acid nanoparticle agglomerates, histological analysis of rat lung tissue revealed no signs of acute damage or inflammation. For secure and efficient lung visualization, diatrizioic acid nanoparticle aggregates offer a potential radiocontrast agent [1].

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
However, it is not metabolized but excreted unchanged in the urine, with each iohexol molecule remaining "bound" to its sodium ion portion. The liver and small intestine are the primary routes of excretion for iohexol. Radiopaque diagnostic reagents for injection are excreted unchanged in human milk. Saliva is a secondary secretory route for radiopaque diagnostic reagents for injection. After intravenous administration, iohexol meglumine is secreted into breast milk. Iohexol sodium is poorly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract. In some patients, particularly infants and those with congested intestinal mucosa, small amounts of the drug may be absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract, occasionally leading to partial urinary tract imaging. After intravesical instillation of iohexol sodium, only a small amount of the drug is absorbed into the bloodstream via the bladder. Some sodium pantothenate can be absorbed into the bloodstream through serous membranes (such as the peritoneum or pleura). After intramuscular or subcutaneous injection, absorption is rapid. Sodium pantothenate is rapidly distributed in the extracellular fluid after intravenous administration. It appears that less than 5% of the drug binds to plasma proteins. Following intravenous administration of sodium pantothenate, the drug crosses the placenta and distributes evenly throughout fetal tissues. Intraamniocentesis of iohexol has been reported to suppress fetal thyroid function. For more complete data on the absorption, distribution, and excretion of iohexol (7 types), please visit the HSDB records page. Metabolism/Metabolites: The metabolic behavior of 3-amino-5-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate and 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate was investigated. Drug retention in rabbits was monitored using a gamma camera. Iohexol is partially deacetylated in liver microsomes to 3-amino-5-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate and 3,4-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate. Rabbits convert a portion of 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid into a urinary metabolite similar to that produced by hepatic microsomes.

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Biological Half-Life
In patients with normal renal function, rapid intravenous injection of iohexol sodium immediately reaches peak plasma concentration, rapidly declines within 5-10 minutes, and then continues to decline over a half-life of approximately 30-60 minutes. The half-life has been reported to be 20-140 hours in patients with severely impaired renal function.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Medication Use During Lactation
Very little iodine contrast agents administered intravenously are excreted into breast milk, and their oral absorption rate is also very low. Therefore, they are unlikely to enter the infant's bloodstream and will not cause any adverse effects on breastfed infants. Guidelines developed by multiple professional organizations indicate that breastfeeding mothers do not need to interrupt breastfeeding after receiving iodine-containing contrast agents. However, since there is currently no published experience regarding the use of iodophor during lactation, other medications may be preferred, especially when breastfeeding newborns or premature infants. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
No relevant published information was found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
No relevant published information was found as of the revision date. ◉ Summary of Medication Use During Lactation
Limited information suggests that the concentration of iodophor in breast milk is low when the mother takes up to 38 grams (containing 18.5 grams of iodine). Furthermore, due to poor oral absorption of iodotrazoate, it is unlikely to enter the infant's bloodstream and will not have any adverse effects on breastfed infants. Guidelines developed by multiple professional organizations indicate that breastfeeding mothers do not need to interrupt breastfeeding after receiving iodine-containing contrast agents.
◉ Effects on breastfed infants
No relevant published information found as of the revision date.
◉ Effects on lactation and breast milk
No relevant published information found as of the revision date.

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Interactions
In aortic angiography, if antihypertensive drugs are used first to enhance the contrast agent before iodotrazoate is administered, the neurological side effects of iodotrazoate (including paraplegia) may increase; this increase is due to vasoconstriction of the visceral circulation, forcing more contrast agent into the vessels leading to the spine and spinal cord.
Patients previously treated with interleukin-2 may have an increased incidence of delayed reactions (more than 1 hour after administration) following intravenous contrast agent administration (e.g., allergic reactions, fever, rash, flu-like symptoms, joint pain, flushing, itching, vomiting, hypotension, dizziness); some symptoms may resemble a “recall” reaction to interleukin-2; supportive care may be required if symptoms are severe; there is evidence that the incidence decreases if contrast agent administration is delayed until 6 weeks after interleukin-2 administration.
Concomitant use of chymotrypsin and diatrizoate may increase the risk of toxicity, especially when one of the drugs enters the subarachnoid space; discography is strongly discouraged as part of chemonucleolysis.
Concomitant intravenous administration of iohexol and β-adrenergic blockers may increase the risk of moderate to severe anaphylactic reactions; in addition, hypotension may be exacerbated; for patients with other risk factors, it is recommended to discontinue β-adrenergic blockers before contrast agent administration. For more complete data on interactions of iohexol (9 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Non-human toxicity values
Rat intraperitoneal LD50: 14,300 mg/kg
Rat intravenous LD50: 11,300 mg/kg
Mouse intravenous LD50: 8900 mg/kg
Guinea pig intraperitoneal LD50: 13 g/kg

[1]. El-Gendy N, et al. Dry powdered aerosols of diatrizoic acid nanoparticle agglomerates as a lung contrast agent. Int J Pharm. 2010 May 31;391(1-2):305-12.
[2]. Dakota B Ward, et al. Radiocontrast Agent Diatrizoic Acid Induces Mitophagy and Oxidative Stress via Calcium Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 21;20(17):4074

Therapeutic Uses

Contrast Agents
Osmotic Agents; The osmotic effect of iohexol sodium and iohexol meglumine in combination with iohexol sodium can draw fluid into the intestines, thus aiding in the expulsion of meconium impaction. /Iohexols/
Diagnostic Aids, Radiopaque; Organic iodine compounds block X-rays as they pass through the human body, thus contrasting iodine-containing structures with iodine-free structures. The degree of radiopaqueness produced by these iodinated organic compounds is proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of iodinated contrast agent in the X-ray path.
Diagnostic Aids (Radiopaque Media). /Iohexol Meglumine/
For more complete data on the therapeutic uses of iohexol meglumine (24 types), please visit the HSDB record page.
Drug Warnings

Contrast Agents
FDA Pregnancy Risk Class: C / Risk cannot be ruled out. Insufficient, well-controlled human studies are lacking, and animal studies have not shown any risk to the fetus or lack relevant data. Use of this drug during pregnancy may harm the fetus; however, the potential benefits may outweigh the potential risks. //Iohexol meglumine, systemic administration (parenteral solution)/
The most common complication of splenic portal vein angiography is internal bleeding. Fatal bleeding is rare, but leakage of up to 300 ml of blood from the spleen appears to be common. Blood transfusions may be required, and in rare cases, splenectomy may be necessary.
In research treatment of meconium ileus in infants, rectal administration of iohexol solution has been associated with intestinal necrosis and gastrointestinal perforation leading to death.
For more complete data on drug warnings for iohexol (37 in total), please visit the HSDB record page.

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Pharmacodynamics
Iohexol is the most commonly used water-soluble iodinated radiopaque X-ray contrast agent. Radiopaque contrast agents are drugs used to aid in the diagnosis of certain diseases. They contain iodine, which blocks X-rays. Depending on the route of administration, radiopaque contrast agents accumulate or build up in specific areas of the body. The resulting high concentration of iodine allows X-rays to image that area. On X-rays, body parts injected with radioactive contrast agents appear white. This creates the necessary distinction or contrast between organs and other tissues. This contrast helps doctors observe any unusual conditions that may exist in the organ or body part.

C11H9I3N2O4

613.9136

613.769

117-96-4

Sodium diatrizoate;737-31-5

2140

WHITE POWDER
Crystals from dilute dimethylformide
Crystals from ethanol (aqueous)

2.7±0.1 g/cm3

720.2±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg

>300ºC

389.4±35.7 °C

0.0±2.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.790

1.53

3

4

3

20

391

0

IC1C(=C(C(C(=O)O[H])=C(C=1N([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=O)I)I)N([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=O

YVPYQUNUQOZFHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C11H9I3N2O4/c1-3(17)15-9-6(12)5(11(19)20)7(13)10(8(9)14)16-4(2)18/h1-2H3,(H,15,17)(H,16,18)(H,19,20)

3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~162.89 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.07 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.07 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)