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Other Sizes |
ln Vitro |
For two to twenty-four hours, HK-2 cells were subjected to 0–30 mg I/mL diatrizoate or a vehicle. According to the MTT and trypan blue exclusion experiments, cell viability and mitochondrial content drop after two and twenty-four hours, respectively [2].
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ln Vivo |
One type of iodinated radiocontrast agent is diatrizioic acid. Following the inhalation of diatrizoic acid nanoparticle agglomerates, histological analysis of rat lung tissue revealed no signs of acute damage or inflammation. For secure and efficient lung visualization, diatrizioic acid nanoparticle aggregates offer a potential radiocontrast agent [1].
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ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
However, it is not metabolized but excreted unchanged in the urine, each diatrizoate molecule remaining "obligated" to its sodium moiety. The liver and small intestine provide the major alternate route of excretion for diatrizoate. Injectable radiopaque diagnostic agents are excreted unchanged in human milk. Saliva is a minor secretory pathway for injectable radiopaque diagnostic agents. Diatrizoate meglumine is excreted in breast milk following intravascular administration. Diatrizoate sodium is very poorly absorbed from the GI tract. In some patients, especially infants and patients with engorgement of the intestinal mucosa, small amounts of the drug may be absorbed from the GI tract and occasionally produce partial visualization of the urinary tract. Following intravesical instillation of diatrizoate sodium, only small amounts of the drug are absorbed into blood through the bladder. Some absorption of diatrizoate sodium into blood may also occur through serous membranes such as the peritoneum or pleura. The drug is rapidly absorbed after IM or subcutaneous injection. Diatrizoate sodium is rapidly distributed throughout extracellular fluid following intravascular administration. Less than 5% of the drug appears to be bound to plasma proteins. Diatrizoates, when administered intravenously, cross the placenta and are evenly distributed in fetal tissues. Intra-amniotic injection of diatrizoates has been reported to suppress the fetal thyroid gland. For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for DIATRIZOATE (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Metabolism / Metabolites The metabolic behavior of 3-amino-5-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate and 3,5-diamino-2,4,6 -triiodobenzoate was examined. Drug retention in rabbits was monitored with a gamma camera. Diatrizoate was partially deacetylated by liver microsomes to 3-amino-5-acetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate and 3,4-diamino-2,4,6-triiodobenzoate. The rabbit converted some of 3,5-diamino-2,4,6-trioodobenzoate to a urinary metabolite which was similar to that formed by liver microsomes. Biological Half-Life Following rapid IV injection of diatrizoate sodium in patients with normal renal function, blood drug concentrations peak immediately, fall rapidly within 5-10 minutes, and then decline with a halflife of about 30-60 minutes. In patients with severely impaired renal function, the blood drug halflife is reported to be 20-140 hours. |
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Summary of Use during Lactation Intravenous iodinated contrast media are poorly excreted into breastmilk and poorly absorbed orally so they are not likely to reach the bloodstream of the infant or cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants. Guidelines developed by several professional organizations state that breastfeeding need not be disrupted after a nursing mother receives an iodine-containing contrast medium. However, because there is no published experience with iothalamate during breastfeeding, other agents may be preferred, especially while nursing a newborn or preterm infant. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Summary of Use during Lactation Limited information indicates that maternal doses of diatrizoate up to 38 g (containing 18.5 grams of iodine) produce low levels in milk. In addition, because diatrizoate is poorly absorbed orally, it is not likely to reach the bloodstream of the infant or cause any adverse effects in breastfed infants. Guidelines developed by several professional organizations state that breastfeeding need not be disrupted after a nursing mother receives an iodine-containing contrast medium. ◉ Effects in Breastfed Infants Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breastmilk Relevant published information was not found as of the revision date. Interactions Neurologic effects, including paraplegia, of diatrizoates may increase during aortography when diatrizoates are administered after hypertensive agents used to increase contrast; this increase is due to contraction of vessels in the splanchic circulation, which forces more of the contrast material into the vessels leading to the spine and spinal cord. Incidence of delayed (more than 1 hour after administration) reactions (eg. hypersensitivity, fever, skin rash, flu-like symptoms, joint pain, flushing, pruritus, emesis, hypotension, dizziness) to intravenous contrast media may be increased in patients who have received interleukin-2; some symptoms may resemble a "recall" reaction to interleukin-2; supportive medical treatment may be necessary if symptoms are significant; there is some evidence that incidence is reduced if contrast media administration is delayed until 6 weeks after interleukin-2 administration. Concurrent use /of chymopapain/ with diatrizoates may increase the risk of toxicity, especially if either agent enters the subarachnoid space; it is strongly recommended that diskography not be performed as part of the chemonucleolysis procedure. Concurrent intravascular administration of diatrizoates with beta-adrenergic blocking agents may increase the risk of moderate to severe anaphylactoid reaction; also, hypotensive effects may be exacerbated; discontinuation of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent may be advisable before administration of contrast media in patients with other risk factors. For more Interactions (Complete) data for DIATRIZOATE (9 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Non-Human Toxicity Values LD50 Rat intraperitoneal 14,300 mg/kg LD50 Rat intravenous 11,300 mg/kg LD50 Mouse intravenous 8900 mg/kg LD50 Guinea pig intraperitoneal 13 g/kg |
References |
[1]. El-Gendy N, et al. Dry powdered aerosols of diatrizoic acid nanoparticle agglomerates as a lung contrast agent. Int J Pharm. 2010 May 31;391(1-2):305-12.
[2]. Dakota B Ward, et al. Radiocontrast Agent Diatrizoic Acid Induces Mitophagy and Oxidative Stress via Calcium Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019 Aug 21;20(17):4074 |
Additional Infomation |
Therapeutic Uses
Contrast Media Osmotic agent; the osmotic effect of diatrizoate sodium, and diatrizoate meglumine and diatrizoate sodium combination solutions draws fluid into the intestine, thus helping to dislodge the meconium impaction. /Diatrizoates/ Diagnostic aid, radiopaque; organic iodine compounds block x-rays as they pass through the body, thereby allowing body structures containing iodine to be delineated in contrast to those structures that do not contain iodine. The degree of opacity produced by these iodinated organic compounds is directly proportional to the total amount (concentration and volume) of the iodinated contrast agent in the path of the x-rays. Diagnostic aid (radiopaque medium). /Meglumine Diatrizoate/ For more Therapeutic Uses (Complete) data for DIATRIZOATE (24 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Drug Warnings Contrast Media FDA Pregnancy Risk Category: C /RISK CANNOT BE RULED OUT. Adequate, well controlled human studies are lacking, and animal studies have shown risk to the fetus or are lacking as well. There is a chance of fetal harm if the drug is given during pregnancy; but the potential benefits may outweigh the potential risk./ /Diatrizoates, systemic (Parenteral solutions)/ The most common complication of splenoportography is internal bleeding. Fatal hemorrhage has occurred rarely, but leakage of up to 300 mL of blood from the spleen is apparently common. Blood transfusions and rarely splenectomy may be required. Intestinal necrosis and GI tract perforation leading to death have been associated with rectal administration of diatrizoate solutions in the investigational treatment of meconium ileus in infants. For more Drug Warnings (Complete) data for DIATRIZOATE (37 total), please visit the HSDB record page. Pharmacodynamics Diatrizoate is the most commonly used water-soluble, iodinated, radiopaque x-ray contrast medium. Radiopaque agents are drugs used to help diagnose certain medical problems. They contain iodine, which blocks x-rays. Depending on how the radiopaque agent is given, it localizes or builds up in certain areas of the body. The resulting high level of iodine allows the x-rays to make a "picture" of the area. The areas of the body in which the radiopaque agent localizes will appear white on the x-ray film. This creates the needed distinction, or contrast, between one organ and other tissues. The contrast will help the doctor see any special conditions that may exist in that organ or part of the body. |
Molecular Formula |
C11H9I3N2O4
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Molecular Weight |
613.9136
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Exact Mass |
613.769
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CAS # |
117-96-4
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Related CAS # |
Sodium diatrizoate;737-31-5
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PubChem CID |
2140
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Appearance |
WHITE POWDER
Crystals from dilute dimethylformide Crystals from ethanol (aqueous) |
Density |
2.7±0.1 g/cm3
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Boiling Point |
720.2±70.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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Melting Point |
>300ºC
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Flash Point |
389.4±35.7 °C
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Vapour Pressure |
0.0±2.4 mmHg at 25°C
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Index of Refraction |
1.790
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LogP |
1.53
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Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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Heavy Atom Count |
20
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Complexity |
391
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Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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SMILES |
IC1C(=C(C(C(=O)O[H])=C(C=1N([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=O)I)I)N([H])C(C([H])([H])[H])=O
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InChi Key |
YVPYQUNUQOZFHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H9I3N2O4/c1-3(17)15-9-6(12)5(11(19)20)7(13)10(8(9)14)16-4(2)18/h1-2H3,(H,15,17)(H,16,18)(H,19,20)
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Chemical Name |
3,5-diacetamido-2,4,6-triiodobenzoic acid
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HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~162.89 mM)
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Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.07 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (4.07 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C,1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.  (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
1 mM | 1.6289 mL | 8.1445 mL | 16.2890 mL | |
5 mM | 0.3258 mL | 1.6289 mL | 3.2578 mL | |
10 mM | 0.1629 mL | 0.8145 mL | 1.6289 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration: mg/mL;
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution: mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation::Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O,mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.