Diallyl Trisulfide targets multiple cellular pathways including the NF-κB, MAPK, PI3K/Akt, STAT3, PKC-δ, and Nrf2/Akt signaling cascades. It modulates cellular redox balance and induces apoptosis in cancer cells via mitochondrial pathways. DATS also acts as a hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) donor. In antimicrobial studies, it suppresses the growth of Penicillium expansum.

Diallyl Trisulfide demonstrates potent in vitro anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines. It induces cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and inhibits cell migration in gastric cancer cells. DATS reduces the survival of prostate cancer PC-3 cells. It suppresses the proliferation and induces apoptosis of human colon cancer cells through oxidative modification of β-tubulin. DATS exhibits antimicrobial activity against Penicillium expansum with an MFC₉₉ value of ≤90 μg/mL.

Diallyl Trisulfide has demonstrated in vivo anticancer activity in various animal models. In combination with cisplatin, it shows improved anti-tumor activity with fewer side effects. DATS has been studied for the treatment of liver cancer, colon cancer, and prostate cancer. It inhibits tumor migration, invasion, and angiogenesis in vivo. The compound modulates signaling pathways including MAPK, STAT3, PKC-δ, and Nrf2/Akt in vivo. Its cardioprotective effects have been observed in models of ischemia-reperfusion injury.

In vitro enzyme/receptor binding (non-cell) assays for diallyl trisulfide typically involve investigating its interactions with various enzymes and signaling proteins. Common approaches include kinase activity assays using recombinant kinases (e.g., MAPK, PI3K) with ATP and specific peptide substrates, where phosphorylation is measured by luminescence or fluorescence. NF-κB activation can be assessed using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSA) with nuclear extracts and radiolabeled DNA probes containing NF-κB binding sites. For H2S release studies, the compound is incubated in buffer solutions containing hemoglobin or specific fluorescent probes, and H2S production is measured spectrophotometrically. Enzyme inhibition assays are performed with various concentrations of DATS to determine IC50 values.

For in vitro cell-based assays, various cancer cell lines (e.g., PC-3 prostate cancer cells, gastric cancer cells, colon cancer cells) are cultured in appropriate media supplemented with fetal bovine serum and antibiotics. Cells are treated with Diallyl Trisulfide at concentrations ranging from 1-200 μM for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CCK-8 assays. Apoptosis is evaluated by Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining flow cytometry, caspase-3/9 activity assays, and Western blot analysis of apoptotic markers (Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved PARP). Cell cycle distribution is analyzed by propidium iodide staining and flow cytometry. ROS production is measured using DCFH-DA fluorescent probe. Migration and invasion are assessed using Transwell chamber assays.

In vivo animal studies with Diallyl Trisulfide typically use mouse or rat models. For anticancer studies, immunodeficient mice are subcutaneously implanted with cancer cells to establish xenograft tumors. DATS is administered orally or intraperitoneally at doses ranging from 10-100 mg/kg daily or every other day for 2-4 weeks. Tumor volume and body weight are monitored regularly. At study endpoint, tumors are excised, weighed, and processed for histopathological and molecular analyses. For pharmacokinetic studies, blood samples are collected at various time points post-administration for compound quantification. For cardioprotection studies, ischemia-reperfusion injury models are used with DATS pretreatment.

Diallyl Trisulfide is an orally active compound. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that DATS is rapidly absorbed after oral administration and undergoes extensive metabolism. As an organosulfur compound, it is metabolized through the sulfur oxidation pathway and glutathione conjugation. DATS acts as an H2S donor, and the released H2S contributes to its vasodilatory and cardioprotective effects. The compound has a relatively short half-life in plasma, and its metabolites are primarily excreted via urine. Tissue distribution studies show accumulation in the liver and other organs.

Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation
Garlic (Allium sativum) contains alliin, which is metabolized by alliinase into allicin. Allicin is considered the source of most of garlic's medicinal properties and aroma. The garlic flavor in milk is attributed to allyl methyl sulfide. Garlic has long been used to lower cholesterol and blood pressure. In Western countries, there is no specific indication for garlic use during lactation. In India and Turkey, garlic has been used as a galactagogue, but there is currently no reliable scientific data to support its efficacy as a galactagogue alone. Lactagogues should never replace the assessment and consultation of controllable factors affecting milk production. Garlic has a long history of use as food and medicine and is recognized as a \"Generally Recognized As Safe\" (GRAS) food flavoring by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), including during lactation. The aroma of garlic is transferred to breast milk, which may prolong the infant's sucking time in the short term and may improve the food choices of breastfed infants in the long term. It has been reported that some mothers in Turkey use garlic to improve the taste and quality of their breast milk. Limited scientific data shows that no adverse reactions have occurred in breastfeeding mothers and infants after taking garlic supplements orally for several days. When used medicinally, garlic is generally well tolerated by adults, but gastrointestinal side effects, as well as bad breath and body odor, may occur. Garlic has antiplatelet effects, so women at risk of bleeding should use it with caution. Garlic may cause allergies, and people allergic to garlic or other lily family plants (such as hyacinths, tulips, onions, leeks, and chives) should avoid it. Topical application of garlic may cause dermatitis and burns and should be used with caution, especially on infants. One breastfeeding mother suffered severe breast burns after applying raw garlic paste to her breasts for two consecutive days to treat a self-diagnosed Candida infection. Dietary supplements do not require extensive premarket approval from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Manufacturers are responsible for ensuring product safety but are not required to prove the safety and effectiveness of dietary supplements before they are marketed. Dietary supplements may contain multiple ingredients, and the ingredients listed on the label often differ from the actual ingredients or amounts. Manufacturers may commission independent organizations to verify the quality of their products or their ingredients, but this does not guarantee the product's safety and effectiveness. Given the above issues, clinical trial results for one product may not apply to others. For more detailed information on dietary supplements, please visit other pages on the LactMed website.
◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants
Maternal garlic consumption is thought to cause colic in breastfed infants. However, two papers tend to refute this claim. In one study, 153 mothers who completed questionnaires reported no significant difference in the likelihood of their infants experiencing colic in the first week compared to mothers who did not consume garlic.
In another study, researchers, in a double-blind manner, had mothers take either 1.5 grams of garlic capsules or a placebo capsule daily for three days. Afterward, researchers asked their infants if they experienced any symptoms of colic (such as irritability, increased crying, or increased gas) after taking the capsules. Four out of 20 mothers who took garlic reported their infants experiencing colic; however, four out of 10 mothers who took the placebo reported their infants experiencing colic.
◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk
Forty women who complained of insufficient breast milk five days postpartum took a compound herbal supplement, Lactare (manufactured by Madras Pharma Private Ltd., India), two capsules three times daily. Each capsule contained 200 mg of wild asparagus, 100 mg of Withania somnifera, 50 mg of fenugreek, 50 mg of licorice, and 20 mg of garlic. By day 4 of treatment, none of the infants required supplemental feeding. On day 5 of treatment, the infants were weighed before and after each feeding to determine their milk intake. On the day of the weighing test, the average milk intake of the infants was 388 ml, and fluid and calorie intake was considered adequate. Because this study lacked randomization, double-blinding, placebo control, and guidance on breastfeeding techniques for the mothers, it cannot be considered valid evidence that these herbs have a galactagogue effect. Furthermore, the infants were only breastfed 6 to 8 times per day, which was insufficient to maximize milk production. In two studies conducted by the same researchers (General Nutrition Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania), breastfeeding mothers took capsules containing 1.5 grams of garlic extract. In the first experiment, eight mothers took either a garlic capsule or a placebo once daily in a crossover pattern. Within 1.5 to 3 hours after the mothers took the garlic capsule (when the garlic odor in breast milk is strongest), infants whose mothers took the garlic capsule suckled for longer (33 minutes) than those who took the placebo; however, there was no difference in the total number of breastfeedings or total milk intake between the two groups. Another study randomly assigned breastfeeding mothers to two groups, one taking garlic capsules and the other a placebo, for 3 days, followed by a single capsule test under the same conditions as the first study. Infants who first ingested garlic in their breast milk breastfed for 30% longer than those who took the placebo. The study found that infants previously exposed to garlic-containing milk did not experience prolonged breastfeeding after re-exposure to garlic-containing milk. The authors suggest that these findings may have a positive impact on infants' future food choices (e.g., less picky eating).
Diallyl Trisulfide from garlic is generally recognized as safe when consumed in dietary amounts. In preclinical studies, the compound has shown a favorable safety profile with minimal toxicity at therapeutic doses. High doses may cause gastrointestinal irritation, which is a common effect of garlic-derived compounds. In combination with cisplatin, DATS shows fewer side effects compared to cisplatin alone. The compound has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. No significant organ toxicity has been reported at pharmacologically relevant doses in animal studies.

[1]. Diallyl trisulfide induces apoptosis and inhibits proliferation of A549 cells in vitro and in vivo. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai). 2012 Jul;44(7):577-83.

[2]. Diallyl trisulfide inhibits naphthalene-induced oxidative injury and the production of inflammatory responses in A549 cells and mice. Int Immunopharmacol. 2015 Dec;29(2):326-333.

[3]. Antiviral activity of diallyl trisulfide against H9N2 avian influenza virus infection in vitro and in vivo. Virol J. 2021 Aug 19;18(1):171.

[4]. Diallyl trisulfide (DATS) effectively induced apoptosis of postharvest diseasePenicillium expansum of citrus. Annals of Microbiology. December 2009, Volume 59, Issue 4, pp 675-679.

Diallyl trisulfide is an organic trisulfide with a trithane structure in which two hydrogen atoms are replaced by allyl groups. It is a component of garlic oil and a major ingredient in the traditional Chinese medicine garlic paste, possessing antifungal, antitumor, and antioxidant activities. It can also be used as an apoptosis inducer, estrogen receptor antagonist, antitumor agent, vasodilator, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory agent, insecticide, antigenic animal drug, platelet aggregation inhibitor, and lipid-lowering drug. It has been reported that diallyl trisulfide is found in Allium ursinum, Allium victorialis, and other organisms with relevant data.
Diallyl Trisulfide is a potent anti-cancer and chemopreventive agent that regulates apoptosis, metastasis, cell cycle, and other key cellular processes. It is found naturally in garlic and is produced by the rapid disintegration of its metabolic precursor allicin. DATS has been studied for the treatment of liver cancer, colon cancer, prostate cancer, and other malignancies. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties make it valuable for cardiovascular disease research. The compound is available as a research chemical and is not approved as a therapeutic drug.

C6H10S3

178.3386

177.994

2050-87-5

16315

Colorless to light yellow liquid

1.1±0.1 g/cm3

229.5±43.0 °C at 760 mmHg

87.8±25.2 °C

0.1±0.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.582

4.59

0

3

6

9

70.4

0

S(C([H])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H])SSC([H])([H])C([H])=C([H])[H]

UBAXRAHSPKWNCX-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H10S3/c1-3-5-7-9-8-6-4-2/h3-4H,1-2,5-6H2

3-(prop-2-enyltrisulfanyl)prop-1-ene

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~560.73 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (14.02 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.02 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (14.02 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)