| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Dexetimide's primary target is the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR). It functions by blocking the action of acetylcholine at these receptors, leading to a reduction in secretions and smooth muscle contractions. As a high-affinity antagonist, it binds to the receptor without activating it, thereby inhibiting cholinergic neurotransmission. It is characterized by its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which contributes to its central nervous system effects.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Dexetimide is characterized by its high affinity for the muscarinic receptor. It is a potent and persistent anticholinergic agent. Its activity is typically assessed in radioligand binding assays using tissue homogenates or membrane preparations expressing mAChRs. The compound's affinity (Ki) is determined by its ability to displace a radiolabeled antagonist, such as [³H]-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB), from the receptor.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Dexetimide has been used to treat Parkinson's disease and neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. Its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier allows it to exert central anticholinergic effects, which help to restore the balance between cholinergic and dopaminergic activity in the brain. This leads to a reduction in extrapyramidal symptoms, such as tremors and rigidity, caused by antipsychotic drugs.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro affinity of Dexetimide for muscarinic receptors is determined using radioligand binding assays. In a typical cell-free protocol, membranes prepared from cells or tissues expressing mAChRs are incubated with a radiolabeled antagonist (e.g., [³H]-QNB) and varying concentrations of Dexetimide. After incubation, the bound and free radioligand are separated by filtration. The amount of bound radioligand is measured by scintillation counting, and the Ki is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
Cellular assays for Dexetimide involve studying its effect on cholinergic signaling in cells expressing mAChRs. In a typical protocol, cells are loaded with a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye. Stimulation with a muscarinic agonist like carbachol leads to an increase in intracellular calcium. Dexetimide is pre-incubated with the cells, and its ability to inhibit the agonist-induced calcium flux is measured. This functional assay confirms receptor antagonism.
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| Animal Protocol |
The in vivo efficacy of Dexetimide has been evaluated in clinical studies. In double-blind trials, it was shown to be effective in treating extrapyramidal symptoms caused by neuroleptics. The compound was administered orally, and its effects on movement disorders were assessed using standardized rating scales. These studies confirmed its utility as an anticholinergic agent for managing drug-induced parkinsonism.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Dexetimide is an orally active compound. It has a molecular weight of 362.46 and a molecular formula of C₂₃H₂₆N₂O₂. It is characterized by its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, which is essential for its central nervous system effects. As an anticholinergic agent, it is typically administered in divided doses to manage extrapyramidal symptoms.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity of Dexetimide is related to its anticholinergic mechanism of action. Common side effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and urinary retention. At higher doses, it can cause central nervous system effects such as confusion, dizziness, and hallucinations. As with many anticholinergic agents, its use is contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, and other conditions that could be exacerbated by cholinergic blockade.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Dexetimide belongs to the piperidine class of compounds. It is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and was previously used to treat Parkinson's disease induced by antipsychotic drugs. Benzamilmide is the (-)-enantiomer of Dexetimide.
Dexetimide ((+)-Benzetimide) is a high-affinity antagonist of the muscarinic receptor. It is a persistent anticholinergic agent that has been used to treat neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism. It was previously studied for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Its development as a therapeutic agent has been largely superseded by other anticholinergic drugs with more favorable side-effect profiles, but it remains a valuable research tool for studying muscarinic receptor function. |
| Molecular Formula |
C23H26N2O2
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
362.473
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| Exact Mass |
398.176
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| CAS # |
21888-98-2
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| Related CAS # |
Levetimide;21888-99-3
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| PubChem CID |
30843
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.178g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
543.9ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
181-183°
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| Flash Point |
282.7ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
6.86E-12mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.597
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| LogP |
4.341
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
27
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| Complexity |
529
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
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| SMILES |
C1CN(CCC1[C@@]2(CCC(=O)NC2=O)C3=CC=CC=C3)CC4=CC=CC=C4
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| InChi Key |
LQQIVYSCPWCSSD-HSZRJFAPSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C23H26N2O2/c26-21-11-14-23(22(27)24-21,19-9-5-2-6-10-19)20-12-15-25(16-13-20)17-18-7-3-1-4-8-18/h1-10,20H,11-17H2,(H,24,26,27)/t23-/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(3S)-3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-3-phenylpiperidine-2,6-dione
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| Synonyms |
R-16470; R 16470; Dexetimide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~275.89 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 5 mg/mL (13.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 5 mg/mL (13.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 50.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 5 mg/mL (13.79 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7588 mL | 13.7942 mL | 27.5885 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5518 mL | 2.7588 mL | 5.5177 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2759 mL | 1.3794 mL | 2.7588 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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