Metabolism / Metabolites
Mycobacterium erythrocytes oxidize the terminal portion of n-decane to n-Decaldehyde, indicating that β-oxidation occurred after the initial terminal oxidation. Uremic toxins often accumulate in the blood due to overeating or poor kidney filtration. Most uremic toxins are metabolic waste products, usually excreted through urine or feces.

Toxicity Summary
Identification and Uses: Decaldehyde is a colorless to pale yellow liquid. Its primary uses are in citrus coloring and the production of synthetic citrus oils. Additionally, C10 aldehydes have value as intermediates in pharmaceutical synthesis, polymers, and pesticides. In aircraft cabins, Decaldehyde is generated by the reaction of occupants and their clothing with surfaces in the presence of ozone, consistent with the assumption that occupants consume over 55% of the ozone in the cabin. Human Exposure and Toxicity: Decaldehyde is cytotoxic to HeLa cells, with an IC50 less than 20 μg/mL. Animal Studies: Decaldehyde exhibits antifungal and bactericidal properties. Ecotoxicity Studies: Decaldehyde has no significant effect on the survival or hatching success rate of Artemia salina. Uremic toxins, including Decaldehyde, are actively transported to the kidneys via organic ion transporters (especially OAT3). Elevated levels of uremic toxins can stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species. This appears to be mediated by the direct binding of uremic toxins to or inhibition of NADPH oxidases, particularly NOX4, which is abundant in the kidneys and heart (A7868). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can induce a variety of different DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) involved in the silencing of the KLOTHO protein. KLOTHO has been shown to play an important role in anti-aging, mineral metabolism, and vitamin D metabolism. Multiple studies have shown that in acute or chronic kidney disease, KLOTHO mRNA and protein levels are reduced due to elevated local ROS levels (A7869).

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Interactions
In two different in vitro model systems, combinations of aldehydes and hydrazine derivatives exhibited environmentally selective synergistic toxicity. Combinations of 5-nitro-2-furfural with aminourea and 2-hydrazylpyridine with pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde can react in situ to generate antimicrobial hydrazones, which showed a stronger synergistic effect against the intracellular pathogen Salmonella typhimurium at pH 5 than at pH 7.4. These combinations exhibited higher selective toxicity at pH 5 (relative to pH 7.4) than the single precursor and pre-formed hydrazone product because the acid catalysis of hydrazone formation only occurred in the combination. The combination of Decaldehyde and N-amino-N'-octylguanidine (AOG) showed significantly more synergistic cytolytic activity against erythrocytes at 0% serum concentration than at 1% serum concentration. Binding of Decaldehyde to serum proteins inhibited the formation of the more toxic hydrazone compound N-decaiminino-N'-1-octylguanidine (DIOG) from the less toxic AOG, while binding of DIOG to serum proteins prevented the cytotoxic agent from reaching the cell membrane. Since the binding of Decaldehyde had no effect on the cytotoxicity of the formed DIOG, its selectivity to cells at 0% serum concentration was lower than that of the combination of AOG and Decaldehyde. pH 5 and 0% serum environments represent very simple models of macrophage phagocytosis of lysosomal compartments and the interior of sparsely vascularized solid tumors, respectively. If environmentally selective synergies can serve as the basis for other in vitro model systems and in vivo target-selective synergies, then self-assembly assemblages may provide a basis for the rational introduction of target-selective synergies into chemotherapy drug design. Decaldehyde and N-amino-N'-1-octylguanidine (AOG), mixed at a concentration of 28 μM, induced erythrocyte lysis within 80 minutes under physiological conditions. In contrast, no lysis was observed after 20 hours of treatment with Decaldehyde (56 μM) or AOG (100 μM) alone. The significant synergistic effect exhibited by these chemicals and similar reactive chemical combinations is due to the in vivo self-assembly of more cytotoxic hydrazone compounds. Decaldehyde and AOG also showed synergistic activity against cultured human cells (HeLa cells) and bacteria (E. coli J96). This synergy may help in designing cytotoxins that can selectively self-assemble from non-toxic precursors within tumors while protecting normal tissues.

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Non-human toxicity values
Oral LD50 in rats: 3730 mg/kg
Dermal LD50 in rabbits: 5040 mg/kg

Toxicity of the bacterial luciferase substrate, n-decyl aldehyde, to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Caenorhabditis elegans. FEBS Lett. 2001 Oct 5;506(2):140-2.

Decaldehyde is a colorless to pale yellow liquid with a pleasant odor, floating on water. Its freezing point is 64 °F (18 °C). (US Coast Guard, 1999)
Decaldehyde is a saturated fatty aldehyde, derived from the reduction of the carboxyl group of decanoic acid (decanoic acid). It functions as an antifungal agent, fragrance, and plant metabolite. It is a saturated fatty aldehyde, n-alkanal, and medium-chain fatty aldehyde.
Decaldehyde has been reported in tea plants (Camellia sinensis), Gymnodinium nagasakiense, and other organisms with relevant data.
Decaldehyde is a uremic toxin. Uremic toxins can be classified into three main categories based on their chemical and physical properties: 1) small, water-soluble, non-protein-bound compounds, such as urea; 2) small molecule, lipid-soluble compounds and/or protein-bound compounds, such as phenols; 3) larger so-called medium molecules, such as β2-microglobulins. Long-term exposure to uremic toxins can lead to various diseases, including kidney damage, chronic kidney disease, and cardiovascular disease. Decaldehyde is an organic compound with the chemical formula C9H19CHO. It is the simplest decacarbon aldehyde. Decaldehyde exists naturally and is used in flavorings and seasonings. It is naturally found in citrus fruits and, along with octanal, citral, and cinnamaldehyde, constitutes an important component of citrus fruits. Decaldehyde is also an important component of the buckwheat aroma. Decaldehyde is a metabolite of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. See also: Artichoke leaf (partial).

C10H20O

156.27

156.151

112-31-2

8175

Colorless to light yellow liquid

0.8±0.1 g/cm3

209.0±3.0 °C at 760 mmHg

7 °C

85.6±0.0 °C

0.2±0.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.422

4.09

0

1

8

11

78.9

0

CCCCCCCCCC=O

KSMVZQYAVGTKIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H20O/c1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-11/h10H,2-9H2,1H3

decanal

1-Decyl aldehyde 1-Decanal Decaldehyde

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~639.92 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.00 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.00 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.00 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)