| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| Targets |
D-(+)-Cellobiose targets beta-glucosidase enzymes, which hydrolyze the β-1,4-glycosidic bond to release two glucose molecules. As a substrate for these enzymes, cellobiose is used in enzyme kinetics studies to measure beta-glucosidase activity. The compound also interacts with the gut microbiota, where it can be fermented to produce short-chain fatty acids. In the context of gastrointestinal health, cellobiose has been shown to improve the clinical and pathological features of colitis and reduce mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. These effects may be mediated through modulation of the gut microbiota and the immune system. D-(+)-Cellobiose is also an endogenous metabolite, indicating its presence in biological systems.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro studies have demonstrated that D-(+)-Cellobiose is a substrate for beta-glucosidase enzymes. It is hydrolyzed by these enzymes to release two glucose molecules. The compound is used in enzyme kinetics assays to measure beta-glucosidase activity and to characterize the properties of these enzymes. D-(+)-Cellobiose has also been studied for its effects on gut microbiota in vitro, where it can be fermented by certain bacterial species to produce short-chain fatty acids. However, specific in vitro activity data for cellobiose beyond its role as an enzyme substrate are limited. The compound is primarily used as a research tool in carbohydrate metabolism and enzyme studies.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies have shown that oral administration of cellobiose improves the clinical and pathological features of colitis and reduces mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression. These findings suggest that cellobiose may have beneficial effects on gastrointestinal health, possibly through modulation of the gut microbiota and the immune system. However, specific in vivo data for D-(+)-Cellobiose beyond its effects in colitis models are limited. The compound is primarily used as a research tool in studies on carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme kinetics, and gastrointestinal health. Further studies are needed to fully characterize its in vivo activities and mechanisms of action.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Non-cellular enzyme assays for D-(+)-Cellobiose typically involve measuring the activity of beta-glucosidase enzymes using cellobiose as a substrate. The assay measures the release of glucose from cellobiose by beta-glucosidase, which can be detected using a glucose oxidase-peroxidase (GOD-POD) assay or other glucose detection methods. Cellobiose is tested at various concentrations to determine the kinetic parameters of the enzyme, such as Km and Vmax. These assays are essential for characterizing the properties of beta-glucosidase enzymes and for screening for inhibitors or activators of these enzymes. D-(+)-Cellobiose is a standard substrate for beta-glucosidase assays and is widely used in enzyme kinetics studies.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for D-(+)-Cellobiose are not typically performed, as the compound's primary use is as an enzyme substrate in biochemical assays rather than as a bioactive compound in cell-based systems. However, cell-based assays may be used to study the effects of cellobiose on gut microbiota or on intestinal epithelial cells. For example, cellobiose can be added to cultures of gut bacteria to assess its fermentability and the production of short-chain fatty acids. In intestinal epithelial cell models, cellobiose may be used to study the effects of carbohydrates on barrier function or inflammatory responses. These assays typically involve culturing cells or bacteria in appropriate media and treating them with cellobiose at various concentrations.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for D-(+)-Cellobiose typically involve rodent models of gastrointestinal diseases, such as colitis, to assess the compound's effects on disease progression. Animals are administered cellobiose orally, and disease severity is assessed by measuring clinical scores, histological changes, and inflammatory markers. The compound's effects on the gut microbiota can also be assessed by analyzing fecal samples. However, specific published in vivo data for D-(+)-Cellobiose beyond its effects in colitis models are limited. The compound is primarily used as a research tool in studies on carbohydrate metabolism, enzyme kinetics, and gastrointestinal health.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for D-(+)-Cellobiose are limited. As a disaccharide, cellobiose is not significantly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is primarily metabolized by the gut microbiota. It is hydrolyzed by beta-glucosidase enzymes to release glucose, which can then be absorbed. The compound's low bioavailability limits its systemic effects. D-(+)-Cellobiose is soluble in water and has a molecular weight of 342.30 g/mol. It is used as a reference standard in analytical chemistry. Further pharmacokinetic studies are needed to fully characterize the compound's absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) > 5,800 mg/m³/4h D-(+)-Cellobiose is generally considered to have low toxicity, consistent with its status as a naturally occurring disaccharide. It is a common component of plant cell walls and is consumed in small amounts in the diet. However, specific toxicological data for D-(+)-Cellobiose are limited. The compound is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use in food and research applications. In animal studies, cellobiose has been shown to be well-tolerated at therapeutic doses, with no significant adverse effects reported. As with all research chemicals, appropriate safety precautions should be taken when handling D-(+)-Cellobiose. |
| Additional Infomation |
Cellulose is a tasteless, white, powdery fiber. Density: 1.5 g/cm³. It is a biopolymer that constitutes the cell walls of plant tissues. Preparation methods include treating cotton with organic solvents to remove waxes and extracting with sodium hydroxide solution to remove pectic acid. It is the main fiber constituting the cell walls of plant tissues (wood, cotton, flax, grass, etc.). Its technical applications depend on the strength and flexibility of the fiber. It is insoluble in water. It can be dissolved in sulfuric acid through chemical degradation and is also soluble in concentrated zinc chloride solution. It is soluble in aqueous copper ammonium hydroxide (Cu(NH₃)₄(OH)₂). β-Cellobiose refers to cellobiose with a β-configuration of glucose residues at the reducing end. It has epitope function. Cellobiose is a metabolite present in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12, MG1655 strains). D-Cellobiose has also been reported in Aspergillus niger, with relevant data available. Cellobiose is a metabolite present in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. A disaccharide consisting of two glucose units linked by a β(1-4) glycosidic bond. It is prepared by partial hydrolysis of cellulose.
D-(+)-Cellobiose is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules linked by a β-1,4-glycosidic bond. It has the molecular formula C12H22O11 and CAS number 528-50-7. D-(+)-Cellobiose is commonly found in plant cell walls and is a major component of cellulose. It is an endogenous metabolite and is used as a substrate for beta-glucosidase enzymes. Oral administration improves colitis features and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines. D-(+)-Cellobiose is not a drug and is primarily used as a research tool in carbohydrate metabolism and enzyme studies. |
| Molecular Formula |
C12H22O11
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
342.2965
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| Exact Mass |
342.116
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| CAS # |
528-50-7
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| Related CAS # |
D-(+)-Cellobiose-13C
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| PubChem CID |
10712
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.8±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
667.9±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
239 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
357.8±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.652
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| LogP |
-3.41
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
8
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
11
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
23
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| Complexity |
382
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
10
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| SMILES |
C([C@@H]1[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H](O1)O[C@@H]2[C@H](O[C@H]([C@@H]([C@H]2O)O)O)CO)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QRZGKKJRSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H22O11/c13-1-3-5(15)6(16)9(19)12(22-3)23-10-4(2-14)21-11(20)8(18)7(10)17/h3-20H,1-2H2/t3-,4-,5-,6+,7-,8-,9-,10-,11-,12+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-6-[(2R,3S,4R,5R,6R)-4,5,6-trihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane-3,4,5-triol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~146.07 mM)
DMSO : ~20 mg/mL (~58.43 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2 mg/mL (5.84 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2 mg/mL (5.84 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2 mg/mL (5.84 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 43.33 mg/mL (126.58 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.9214 mL | 14.6071 mL | 29.2141 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5843 mL | 2.9214 mL | 5.8428 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2921 mL | 1.4607 mL | 2.9214 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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