| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| 250mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Daun02 itself is a prodrug that targets cells expressing the enzyme β-galactosidase. Upon enzymatic cleavage of the galactose moiety by β-galactosidase, the prodrug is converted to the active anthracycline, daunorubicin. Daunorubicin is a well-known DNA-intercalating agent and topoisomerase II inhibitor that causes DNA damage and induces apoptosis. This mechanism allows for the selective ablation of cells that express β-galactosidase, making Daun02 a powerful tool for studying cell populations in vitro and in vivo.
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| ln Vitro |
It has been demonstrated that daun02, a prodrug that β-galactosidase converts to daunorubicin, lowers the calcium ion (Ca2+)-dependent action potential in neuroblastoma cells [1]. An inhibitor of topoisomerase is daunorubicin [2]. Daun02 is a good substrate for β-galactosidase (β-gal). For T47-D, Panc02, and MCF-7, respectively, the Daun02 concentrations that decreased cell viability by 50% (EC50) were 0.5 μM, 1.5 μM, and 3.5 μM [3].
In vitro, Daun02 demonstrates potent inhibition of cell viability. It exhibits IC50 values of 1.5 μM, 3.5 μM, and 0.5 μM in Panc02 (pancreatic), MCF-7 (breast), and T47-D (breast) cancer cell lines, respectively. The compound's activity is dependent on the presence of β-galactosidase, as it is a prodrug that requires enzymatic conversion to its active form. This cell viability inhibition is a result of DNA damage and the induction of apoptosis following the release of daunorubicin. |
| ln Vivo |
Daun02 has a protein content of 8.6 μmol/min/mg and Km and Vmax values of 0.37 mM, making it a promising substrate for β-gal. While daunorubicin binds to plasma proteins at a rate of 94%, Daun02 binds at a rate of 79% at a concentration of 10-5 M [3].
Specific in vivo activity data for Daun02 are not extensively documented in the available literature. However, as a prodrug that releases daunorubicin, its in vivo effects are expected to be similar to those of other anthracycline-based chemotherapeutics. In vivo studies could involve the use of transgenic animal models where β-galactosidase is expressed under a cell-specific promoter, enabling the targeted ablation of specific cell populations upon Daun02 administration. This approach is used in neuroscience to study the role of specific neurons in behavior and disease. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The activation of Daun02 by β-galactosidase can be studied in cell-free systems. The compound is incubated with purified β-galactosidase enzyme, and the release of daunorubicin is monitored by HPLC or fluorescence detection. This assay confirms the prodrug's mechanism of action and can be used to determine the kinetics of enzymatic conversion. Additionally, the compound's stability and solubility can be assessed in various buffers and biological media using standard analytical techniques.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays are performed using cell lines that either naturally express or have been engineered to express β-galactosidase. Cells are cultured in appropriate media at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ incubator. Daun02, dissolved in DMSO, is added to the culture medium at various concentrations, typically ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. After incubation for 24-72 hours, cell viability is assessed using standard assays like MTT or CellTiter-Glo to determine IC50 values. Apoptosis is evaluated by Annexin V staining or caspase activity assays. DNA damage can be assessed by Comet assay or by measuring γH2AX foci formation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies using Daun02 are typically conducted in transgenic animals that express β-galactosidase in specific cell populations. The compound is administered via intracerebral injection (e.g., into the nucleus accumbens or amygdala) or systemically, depending on the experimental design. Behavioral experiments are conducted before and after Daun02 administration to assess the functional role of the targeted cell population. Endpoints include behavioral measures, histological confirmation of cell ablation using X-gal staining or immunohistochemistry for β-galactosidase, and analysis of brain region-specific effects.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Daun02 has a molecular weight of 884.78 g/mol and a molecular formula of C41H44N2O20. It has a CAS number of 290304-24-4. The compound is a prodrug that is converted by β-galactosidase to daunorubicin. It is typically stored as a powder at -20°C and protected from light. It is soluble in DMSO. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic applications.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Specific toxicity data for Daun02 are not extensively documented in the available literature. However, the compound is a prodrug of daunorubicin, a potent anthracycline chemotherapeutic agent with well-characterized toxicity. The toxicity of Daun02 is therefore primarily related to its conversion to daunorubicin. Anthracyclines are known for their cardiotoxicity, myelosuppression, and gastrointestinal effects. In the context of research use, Daun02 is typically administered locally to specific cell populations to minimize systemic exposure and toxicity. Standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound, given the cytotoxic nature of its active metabolite.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Daun02 is a prodrug that is enzymatically converted by β-galactosidase to the cytotoxic agent daunorubicin. This targeted activation mechanism allows for the selective ablation of cells expressing β-galactosidase, making it a powerful tool for studying cell populations in vitro and in vivo. It has been used in neuroscience to study the role of specific neurons in behavior. In cancer research, it is used to study the effects of targeted drug delivery and to evaluate the efficacy of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) that utilize similar prodrug strategies. Daun02 is available from various suppliers for research purposes only.
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| Molecular Formula |
C41H44N2O20
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
884.797
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| Exact Mass |
884.249
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| CAS # |
290304-24-4
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| PubChem CID |
74891316
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| Appearance |
Brown to wine solid powder
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| LogP |
0.811
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
9
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
20
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
11
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| Heavy Atom Count |
63
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| Complexity |
1700
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
11
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| SMILES |
C[C@H]1[C@H]([C@H](C[C@@H](O1)O[C@H]2C[C@@](CC3=C2C(=C4C(=C3O)C(=O)C5=C(C4=O)C(=CC=C5)OC)O)(C(=O)C)O)NC(=O)OCC6=CC(=C(C=C6)O[C@H]7[C@@H]([C@H]([C@H]([C@H](O7)CO)O)O)O)[N+](=O)[O-])O
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| InChi Key |
BOIXMGNMIWJAEW-LCTCPDETSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C41H44N2O20/c1-15-31(46)20(42-40(54)59-14-17-7-8-22(21(9-17)43(56)57)62-39-38(53)37(52)34(49)25(13-44)63-39)10-26(60-15)61-24-12-41(55,16(2)45)11-19-28(24)36(51)30-29(33(19)48)32(47)18-5-4-6-23(58-3)27(18)35(30)50/h4-9,15,20,24-26,31,34,37-39,44,46,48-49,51-53,55H,10-14H2,1-3H3,(H,42,54)/t15-,20-,24-,25+,26-,31+,34-,37-,38+,39+,41-/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
[3-nitro-4-[(2S,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxyphenyl]methyl N-[(2S,3S,4S,6R)-6-[[(1S,3S)-3-acetyl-3,5,12-trihydroxy-10-methoxy-6,11-dioxo-2,4-dihydro-1H-tetracen-1-yl]oxy]-3-hydroxy-2-methyloxan-4-yl]carbamate
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| Synonyms |
Daun 02; Daun-02; Daun02
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~113.02 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (2.83 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 +5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 + to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.1302 mL | 5.6510 mL | 11.3020 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.2260 mL | 1.1302 mL | 2.2604 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1130 mL | 0.5651 mL | 1.1302 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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