| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
KDM2/7 family of human JmjC histone demethylases (KDM2A, PHF8, KDM7A). Daminozide inhibits KDM2A with an IC50 of approximately 1.5 μM, PHF8 with an IC50 of 0.55 μM, and KDM7A with an IC50 of 2.1 μM. It exhibits mixed type inhibition of human KDM2A and competitive inhibition with 2-oxoglutarate. It also inhibits various other lysine demethylase enzymes including KDM3A, KDM4E, KDM5C, KDM6B, KDM7A, PHD2, FIH, BBOX1, and PHF8.
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| ln Vitro |
Compared to other demethylase subfamily members examined (IC50=127 μM for KDM3A, or higher for other demethylases), dacazine is >100-fold more selective for the KDM2/7 subfamily [1].
Daminozide is a potent and selective inhibitor of the KDM2/7 family of histone demethylases. It inhibits KDM2A with an IC50 of approximately 1.5 μM, PHF8 with an IC50 of 0.55 μM, and KDM7A with an IC50 of 2.1 μM. It exhibits mixed type inhibition of human KDM2A and competitive inhibition with 2-oxoglutarate. |
| ln Vivo |
The model organism Drosophila melanogaster is teratogenic and genotoxic when exposed to doses of 200–20,000 ppm of dinonozide [2].
Daminozide has been studied for its potential in cancer research due to its ability to inhibit histone demethylases. It is also used as a plant growth regulator. It was widely used in agriculture in the 1960s to control plant size and fruit ripening before it was withdrawn because of carcinogenicity concerns. |
| Enzyme Assay |
Daminozide is evaluated in cell-free enzymatic assays using purified JmjC histone demethylases. The compound is incubated with the enzyme and a substrate, and the inhibition of demethylase activity is measured. IC50 values are determined to quantify the potency of inhibition. The compound exhibits mixed type inhibition and competitive inhibition with 2-oxoglutarate.
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| Cell Assay |
Daminozide is assessed in cell-based assays using cancer cell lines. Cells are treated with Daminozide, and histone demethylase activity is measured. The compound's ability to inhibit KDM2/7 family enzymes and affect gene expression is evaluated. The compound is a selective inhibitor of the KDM2/7 JmjC subfamily.
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| Animal Protocol |
Daminozide is administered in animal models to evaluate its effects on histone demethylase inhibition and tumor growth. However, specific animal study protocols are not well-documented. The compound was withdrawn from agricultural use because of carcinogenicity concerns.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
This study selected miniature pigs as experimental animals because their stomach conditions are similar to those of humans. The experimental animals were orally administered a radiolabeled test substance at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight. The results showed that the substance was rapidly excreted, with approximately 60% eliminated within 48 hours. The highest concentration of the metabolite (UDMH) in urine was 2.8 ppm; the concentration in feces was lower. Furthermore, a radiolabeled 1,1-dimethylnitrosamine at a concentration of 0.69 ppm was detected in the urine of the experimental animals. A second study used radiolabeled daminozide for topical application to the skin at concentrations of 0.5, 0.05, or 0.005 mg/cm² for up to 24 hours. Within 24 hours, the absorbed and excreted dose in the experimental animals was as high as 1.8%. The distribution and metabolic pathways of (14)C daminozide in seedlings of Acer buergerianum and Platanus orientalis were studied using autoradiography. Radioactivity was detected in all parts of the plants. (14)C is concentrated in the meristematic regions of leaves. Analysis of extracts from red oak (Quercus rubra) treated with (14)C-labeled hydrazine maleate or daminozide showed that both growth inhibitors distributed towards the apex and base within 22 days. When leaves of 3-year-old apple trees (Cox's Orange pippin variety) were smeared with (14)C-labeled daminozide, more than half of the radioactive material accumulated in the fruit. Metabolites in the plant include 1,1-dimethylhydrazine. Daminozide has a molecular weight of 160.17 and a molecular formula of C6H12N2O3. It has a CAS number of 1596-84-5. The compound is soluble in water (10%), acetone (2.5%), and methanol (5%). It has a melting point of 154-155°C. It is a plant growth regulator. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) > 147,000 mg/m³/1h 5,000 mg/kg LD50 (Mouse, oral): 6,300 mg/kg LD50 (Mouse, intraperitoneal injection): 1,325 mg/kg LC50 (Rat, inhalation): > 20 mg/L/hr Daminozide was withdrawn from agricultural use because of carcinogenicity concerns. The compound is for research use only and is not intended for human therapeutic use. It is a selective inhibitor of the KDM2/7 JmjC subfamily of histone demethylases. Specific toxicity data beyond carcinogenicity concerns is not well-characterized. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), daminohydrazide may be carcinogenic. 2,2-Dimethylhydrazine succinate is a tasteless white crystal or powder. (NTP, 1992) Daminohydrazide is a straight-chain fatty acid. Daminohydrazide—also known as Alar, Kylar, B-NINE, DMASA, SADH, or B 995—is a plant growth regulator, a chemical sprayed on fruit to regulate its growth, facilitate harvesting, and prevent apples from falling from the tree before ripening. This ensures that apples remain bright red and firm during storage. Alar was first approved for use in the U.S. in 1963, primarily for apples, until 1989, when manufacturers voluntarily withdrew the product after the EPA proposed banning it due to its high carcinogenic risk to consumers.
Daminozide is a potent and selective small molecule inhibitor of the KDM2/7 family of human JmjC histone demethylases. It has a molecular weight of 160.17 and a molecular formula of C6H12N2O3. The compound has a CAS number of 1596-84-5. It inhibits KDM2A with an IC50 of approximately 1.5 μM, PHF8 with an IC50 of 0.55 μM, and KDM7A with an IC50 of 2.1 μM. It is also a plant growth regulator. The compound is for research use only and has not been approved for clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H12N2O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
160.173
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| Exact Mass |
160.084
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| CAS # |
1596-84-5
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| PubChem CID |
15331
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
329.5±44.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
162-164 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
153.1±28.4 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.497
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| LogP |
-0.5
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
156
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
NOQGZXFMHARMLW-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12N2O3/c1-8(2)7-5(9)3-4-6(10)11/h3-4H2,1-2H3,(H,7,9)(H,10,11)
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| Chemical Name |
4-(2,2-dimethylhydrazinyl)-4-oxobutanoic acid
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| Synonyms |
DIMG; B 995; Aminozide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~106.67 mg/mL (~665.98 mM)
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~624.34 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.61 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.61 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (15.61 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (624.34 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C). |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.2434 mL | 31.2168 mL | 62.4337 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.2487 mL | 6.2434 mL | 12.4867 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6243 mL | 3.1217 mL | 6.2434 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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