| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
NLRP3 inflammasome [1]
Regulatory T cells (Treg) proliferation and differentiation-related targets [2][3] |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
- In mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) and human monocyte-derived macrophages, D-Mannose (1-20 mM) dose-dependently inhibited IL-1β secretion induced by LPS + ATP or nigericin, without affecting TNF-α and IL-6 production (detected by ELISA). It suppressed NLRP3 inflammasome activation, as evidenced by reduced cleavage of caspase-1 (p10) and ASC oligomerization (detected by Western blot and immunoprecipitation) [1]
- In human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and mouse splenocytes, D-Mannose (5-20 mM) promoted the proliferation of regulatory T cells (Treg, CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺) and upregulated Foxp3 expression (detected by flow cytometry and qPCR). It also enhanced the suppressive function of Treg in vitro (detected by Treg-mediated suppression assay) [2] - In in vitro-cultured mouse T cells, D-Mannose (10 mM) increased Treg proliferation, upregulated the expression of Foxp3 and IL-10, and strengthened Treg's ability to inhibit effector T cell (Teff) proliferation [3] - D-Mannose did not affect the viability of macrophages or T cells at concentrations up to 20 mM (detected by CCK-8 assay) [1][2] |
| ln Vivo |
- In LPS-induced sepsis mice, intraperitoneal injection of D-Mannose (1 g/kg) reduced serum IL-1β levels and improved survival rate (from ~30% to ~70%) compared with the control group [1]
- In monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced peritonitis mice, oral administration of D-Mannose (1 g/kg) decreased IL-1β levels and neutrophil infiltration in the peritoneal cavity [1] - In MOG35-55-induced EAE mice, oral D-Mannose (200 mg/kg/day) alleviated clinical symptoms, reduced inflammatory cell infiltration in the spinal cord, and increased the proportion of Treg in the central nervous system and peripheral lymphoid organs [2] - In ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic airway inflammation mice, oral D-Mannose (200 mg/kg/day)减轻 airway hyperresponsiveness and inflammation, and increased Treg proportion in lung tissue [2] - In ovariectomized (OVX)-induced osteoporosis mice, oral D-Mannose (200 mg/kg/day) for 8 weeks reduced bone loss, increased bone mineral density (BMD) of lumbar vertebrae and femurs, and elevated Treg proportion in the spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes [3] - In OVX mice, D-Mannose regulated gut microbiota (increased Akkermansia abundance) and reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) in the intestine and bone marrow. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from D-Mannose-treated mice replicated the anti-osteoporotic effect [3] |
| Enzyme Assay |
- NLRP3 inflammasome activation assay: BMDMs were seeded and primed with LPS (1 μg/mL) for 3 hours, then pretreated with D-Mannose (1-20 mM) for 1 hour, followed by stimulation with ATP (5 mM) or nigericin (10 μM) for 1 hour. Cells were lysed for Western blot to detect cleaved caspase-1 (p10) and mature IL-1β; cell supernatants were collected for ELISA to measure IL-1β secretion [1]
- ASC oligomerization assay: LPS-primed BMDMs were treated with D-Mannose and nigericin, then lysed and subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-ASC antibody. The precipitated proteins were analyzed by Western blot to detect ASC oligomers [1] |
| Cell Assay |
- Macrophage experiment: Mouse BMDMs and human monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured in complete medium. After LPS priming and D-Mannose pretreatment, cells were stimulated with NLRP3 inflammasome activators. Supernatants were used for cytokine detection (ELISA), and cell lysates for Western blot analysis of inflammasome components [1]
- Treg proliferation assay: Human PBMCs or mouse splenocytes were labeled with CFSE and cultured with D-Mannose (5-20 mM) for 5-7 days. Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportion of CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ Treg and CFSE dilution (proliferation index) [2][3] - Treg function assay: D-Mannose-treated Treg were co-cultured with CFSE-labeled Teff cells and anti-CD3/CD28 beads. Flow cytometry was used to measure Teff proliferation to evaluate Treg's suppressive capacity [2] - T cell gene expression assay: In vitro-cultured T cells were treated with D-Mannose (10 mM) for 3 days. Total RNA was extracted, reverse-transcribed to cDNA, and qPCR was performed to detect Foxp3, IL-10, and TGF-β mRNA expression (GAPDH as internal control) [3] |
| Animal Protocol |
- Sepsis model: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (10 mg/kg) to induce sepsis. D-Mannose (1 g/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 1 hour before LPS injection. Survival rate was recorded for 7 days, and serum was collected for IL-1β detection [1]
- Peritonitis model: Mice were intraperitoneally injected with MSU crystals (1 mg/mouse) to induce peritonitis. D-Mannose (1 g/kg) was orally administered 2 hours before MSU injection. Mice were sacrificed 6 hours later to collect peritoneal fluid for cytokine detection and cell counting [1] - EAE model: C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 peptide emulsified in CFA, plus pertussis toxin. D-Mannose (200 mg/kg/day) was orally administered from 3 days before immunization for 21 days. Clinical scores were evaluated daily, and spinal cord tissues were collected for histological analysis [2] - Allergic airway inflammation model: Mice were sensitized with OVA/alum and challenged with OVA aerosol. D-Mannose was orally administered during the challenge phase. Lung tissues were collected for histological analysis and Treg detection [2] - Osteoporosis model: Female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized (OVX) or sham-operated. One week after surgery, D-Mannose (200 mg/kg/day) was orally administered for 8 weeks. Bone density was measured by micro-CT, and lymphoid organs, intestine, and bone marrow were collected for Treg detection (flow cytometry) and cytokine analysis (qPCR/ELISA) [3] - FMT experiment: Fecal microbiota from D-Mannose-treated or control OVX mice was transplanted into antibiotic-pretreated OVX mice. After 8 weeks of FMT, bone density and gut microbiota composition were analyzed [3] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
In all in vivo experiments, oral or intraperitoneal administration of D-mannose (dose range from 200 mg/kg/day to 1 g/kg) did not cause significant changes in mouse body weight, food intake, or serum ALT, AST, creatinine, and urea nitrogen levels, indicating that it has no obvious hepatotoxicity or nephrotoxicity [1][2][3]. In in vitro experiments, concentrations of D-mannose up to 20 mM did not induce cytotoxicity in macrophages or T cells [1][2].
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Aldose-hexose is a hexose with a (potential) aldehyde group at one end. It is both an aldose and a hexose. D-mannose has been found in peas (Pisum sativum), and relevant data exists. It is a major energy source for organisms. It exists naturally, in a free state, in fruits and other parts of plants. It is used medicinally to replenish fluids and nutrients. See also: polydextrose (note moved to); D-allose (note moved to); D-mannose (note moved to)... See more...
- D-mannose is a naturally occurring monosaccharide found in fruits, vegetables, and mammalian tissues [1][2][3] - Its core mechanisms include: inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation to reduce IL-1β production [1]; D-mannose promotes Treg cell proliferation by upregulating Foxp3 and IL-10, enhancing the inhibitory function of Treg cells [2][3]; and regulating gut microbiota composition, exerting anti-inflammatory and anti-osteoporosis effects [3]. D-mannose has shown potential therapeutic value in the treatment of inflammatory diseases (sepsis, peritonitis), autoimmune diseases (multiple sclerosis, allergic inflammation) and osteoporosis [1][2][3]. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H12O6
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
180.15588
|
| Exact Mass |
180.063
|
| CAS # |
3458-28-4
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| PubChem CID |
24749
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
527.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
133-140ºC
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| Flash Point |
286.7±26.6 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±3.1 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.573
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| LogP |
-3.17
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
12
|
| Complexity |
138
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
4
|
| SMILES |
C(C(C(C(C(C=O)O)O)O)O)O
|
| InChi Key |
GZCGUPFRVQAUEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-3(9)5(11)6(12)4(10)2-8/h1,3-6,8-12H,2H2
|
| Chemical Name |
2,3,4,5,6-pentahydroxyhexanal
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ≥ 50 mg/mL (~277.53 mM)
DMSO : ~50 mg/mL (~277.53 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (13.88 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 150 mg/mL (832.59 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.5506 mL | 27.7531 mL | 55.5062 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.1101 mL | 5.5506 mL | 11.1012 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5551 mL | 2.7753 mL | 5.5506 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06940622
Conditions:Recurrent UTIs|Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections|Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections in Women|Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection|Cystitis Recurrent|Cystitis Chronic|UTI|UTI - Urinary Tract Infection|UTI - Lower Urinary Tract InfectionLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06507735
Conditions:Physiological StressLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT06360055
Conditions:Health
Title:Methenamine in a Non-antibiotic, Multimodal Approach to UTI Prevention
Status:Withdrawn
updateDate:2022-07-08
Ctid:NCT03996057
Link: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03996057
Conditions:UTI|Female Urogenital Diseases|UTI - Lower Urinary Tract InfectionLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03395288
Conditions:Urinary Tract InfectionsLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02397291
Conditions:IUGR|PregnancyLink: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03497598
Conditions:Urinary Tract InfectionsProducts are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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