D-chiro-Inositol targets the insulin signaling pathway, acting as a secondary messenger particularly in muscle and fat tissues. It also modulates NF-κB, TNF receptor, FOXO, and microtubule/tubulin pathways. It improves insulin resistance by mimicking insulin action and reduces pro-inflammatory factors such as NF-κB and TNF-α.

D-chiro-Inositol exhibits activities including improving glucose metabolism, anti-tumor effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and antioxidant activity. It effectively alleviates cholestasis by enhancing bile acid secretion and reducing oxidative stress. It improves insulin resistance, lowers hyperglycemia and circulating insulin levels, reduces serum androgen levels, and ameliorates metabolic abnormalities associated with syndrome X.

In vivo studies show D-chiro-Inositol attenuates cholestasis in bile duct-ligated rats by improving bile acid secretion and reducing oxidative stress. It ameliorates high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance via the PKCε-PI3K/AKT pathway. It inhibits breast tumor growth and recurrence in MDA-MB-231 cancer cell xenograft models.

In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for D-chiro-Inositol typically involve radioligand binding studies using D-chiro-[3-³H]inositol to identify stereospecific transporters in liver cells such as HepG2, as described in receptor binding and transport studies.

In vitro cell-based assays use HepG2 liver cells or other relevant cell lines cultured in appropriate media, treated with D-chiro-Inositol at varying concentrations, and assessed for glucose uptake, insulin signaling markers (e.g., PKCε, PI3K, AKT phosphorylation), and inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α, NF-κB) to evaluate its metabolic and anti-inflammatory activities.

In vivo animal studies employ rat models such as bile duct ligation for cholestasis, high-fat diet-fed mice for hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance, or xenograft models for tumor studies. D-chiro-Inositol is administered orally or via injection, followed by analysis of serum glucose, insulin, bile acids, liver histology, and tumor growth measurements.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Inositol is absorbed via the small intestine. In patients with inositol deficiency, peak plasma concentrations occur at 4 hours after oral administration. Inositol is absorbed by tissues via a sodium-dependent inositol cotransporter, which also participates in glucose absorption. The maximum plasma concentration of inositol after oral administration can reach 36-45 μg. Most of the administered dose is excreted in the urine. Pharmacokinetics of inositol were studied in preterm infants, with an estimated volume of distribution of 0.5115 L/kg. Pharmacokinetics of inositol were also studied in preterm infants, with an estimated clearance of 0.0679 L/kg/h. Metabolism/Metabolites It is believed that inositol is metabolized to phosphoinositol, which is then converted to phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate, a precursor to a second messenger molecule. Inositol can be converted to D-chiral inositol by epimerase activity. Normal modifications to the inositol structure appear to exist across all the different isomers.

---

Biological half-life
The pharmacokinetic characteristics of inositol in preterm infants were studied, and the elimination half-life was estimated to be 5.22 hours.

D-chiro-Inositol has a molecular weight of 180.16 g/mol and formula C₆H₁₂O₆. As a small polar molecule, it is expected to have good oral absorption and water solubility. It is used clinically for PCOS and diabetes, indicating favorable pharmacokinetic properties with established bioavailability and metabolic clearance pathways.

Protein Binding
It is believed that inositol can bind to plasma proteins.
D-chiro-Inositol is considered safe and well-tolerated based on its clinical use for polycystic ovary syndrome and diabetes mellitus. No significant acute toxicity has been reported at therapeutic doses. As an endogenous metabolite, it has a favorable safety profile compared to synthetic drugs.

[1]. A stereospecific myo-inositol/D-chiro-inositol transporter in HepG2 liver cells. Identification with D-chiro-[3-3H]inositol. J Biol Chem. 1996 Apr 26;271(17):10073-8.

[2]. D-chiro-inositol effectively attenuates cholestasis in bile duct ligated rats by improving bile acidsecretion and attenuating oxidative stress. Acta Pharmacol Sin. 2018 Feb;39(2):213-221.

[3]. chiro-Inositol Ameliorates High Fat Diet-Induced Hepatic Steatosis and Insulin Resistance viaPKCε-PI3K/AKT Pathway. J Agric Food Chem. 2019 May 29;67(21):5957-5967.

Inositol is an inositol with the inositol-configuration. It functions as a compatibility osmotic regulator, a nutrient, an EC 3.1.4.11 (phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C) inhibitor, a human metabolite, a Daphnia magna metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite, an Escherichia coli metabolite, and a mouse metabolite. Inositol is an isomer of glucose and has traditionally been considered a B vitamin, but its status as a vitamin is uncertain, and no deficiency has been found in humans. (From Martindale, The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 30th edition, p. 1379) Inositol phospholipids play an important role in signal transduction. Inositol has been investigated for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Inositol is a collection of nine different stereoisomers, but usually refers only to the most common type of inositol—inositol. Inositol is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexanol, prepared by precipitation and hydrolysis of crude phytic acid in a water extract of corn kernels. These molecules are structurally similar to glucose and are involved in cell signaling. It is considered a pseudovitamin because it does not meet the criteria for an essential vitamin; although it is vital in the body, a deficiency of this molecule does not cause disease. Inositol was once listed as an ingredient in over-the-counter medications by Health Canada, but all products with inositol as a primary ingredient have been discontinued. Under the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), inositol is listed as a Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) substance. D-chiral inositol is being investigated in the clinical trial NCT03201601 (evaluating the efficacy of an inositol:D-chiral inositol 3.6:1 mixture in women with polycystic ovary syndrome). Inositol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). Inositol is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). It has also been reported to be present in tea trees, apple trees, and other organisms with relevant data. Coconut alcohol, a stereoisomer of inositol, is a plant sugar alcohol primarily found in coconut trees and possesses potential amyloid activity. It exhibits plaque formation inhibitory activity. After oral administration, coconut alcohol can cross the blood-brain barrier and inhibit the formation of β-amyloid plaques in the brain through an undefined mechanism. This may help slow disease progression and improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's patients. Inositol is a natural sugar found in cell membrane phospholipids, plasma lipoproteins, and the cell nucleus (in phosphate form), possessing potential chemopreventive properties. As one of many intracellular phosphorylated compounds, inositol participates in cell signaling and may stimulate tumor cell differentiation. (NCI04) D-chiral inositol, an isomer of inositol, may be used to improve insulin sensitivity and reproductive function. Oral administration of D-chiral inositol can improve insulin sensitivity, enhance glucose tolerance, affect reproductive hormones and function, and may regulate certain neurotransmitters. Inositol is a metabolite of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Pharmacological Indications: Inositol can be used in unlimited quantities in food. As a drug, inositol can be used as a nutritional supplement in special dietary foods and infant formula. Because inositol plays an important role in ensuring egg fertilization, its application in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has been investigated. Inositol is currently being investigated for the treatment of diabetes, prevention of metabolic syndrome, weight loss assistance, treatment of depression, mental illness and anxiety, and cancer prevention. Mechanism of Action: The mechanism of action of inositol in brain diseases is not fully understood, but it is generally believed that it may be involved in the synthesis of neurotransmitters and is a precursor to the phosphatidylinositol cycle. Changes occurring in this cycle mimic the situation where postsynaptic receptors are activated but not truly activated. This activity triggers a pseudoactivation, thereby regulating the activity of monoamines and other neurotransmitters. Reports indicate that insulin resistance plays a crucial role in the clinical development of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Hyperinsulinemia can induce excessive androgen production by stimulating the ovaries to produce androgens and reducing serum levels of sex hormone-binding globulin. One mechanism of insulin deficiency is thought to be related to the lack of inositol in inositol phosphoglycans. Inositol supplementation can enable it to act as a direct messenger of insulin signals and improve tissue glucose uptake. This mechanism is thought to be related to the role of inositol in diabetes treatment, metabolic syndrome, and weight loss. In cancer, the mechanism of action of inositol is not fully elucidated. It is hypothesized that inositol supplementation can increase the level of low-phosphate inositol phosphate, thereby affecting cell cycle regulation, growth, and differentiation of malignant cells. On the other hand, inositol hexaphosphate, generated after inositol supplementation, can exert antioxidant effects by chelating iron ions and inhibiting hydroxyl radicals.
D-chiro-Inositol is used clinically for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and diabetes mellitus, effectively reducing hyperglycemia and ameliorating insulin resistance. It is also studied for liver cirrhosis and breast cancer. It is available as a dietary supplement and has been investigated in numerous clinical trials for metabolic disorders.

C6H12O6

180.1559

180.063

643-12-9

892

White to off-white solid powder

2.0±0.1 g/cm3

291.3±40.0 °C at 760 mmHg

230 °C

143.4±21.9 °C

0.0±1.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.784

-2.11

6

6

0

12

104

0

CDAISMWEOUEBRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C6H12O6/c7-1-2(8)4(10)6(12)5(11)3(1)9/h1-12H

cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Note: This product requires protection from light (avoid light exposure) during transportation and storage.

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

H2O : ~75 mg/mL (~416.30 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: 100 mg/mL (555.06 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)