| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 10g |
|
||
| 100g |
|
| Targets |
Strychnine-sensitive glycine receptor (EC50 = 125 μM for receptor activation) [1]
D-amino acid oxidase (DAO, as substrate) [3] |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
In neonatal rats, D-alanine causes dose-dependent depolarization of motor neurons [2].
- D-Alanine acts as an agonist of strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors. In voltage-clamped rat spinal cord neurons, it dose-dependently activated glycine receptors, inducing inward chloride currents with an EC50 of 125 μM. This activation was completely blocked by strychnine (1 μM), a specific glycine receptor antagonist (patch-clamp technique) [1] - In rat spinal cord membrane preparations, D-Alanine (10-1000 μM) competed with [³H]-strychnine for binding to glycine receptors, showing a Ki value of 150 μM, confirming its interaction with the strychnine-sensitive binding site (radioligand binding assay) [2] - D-Alanine was metabolized by D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) in vitro. Incubation of D-Alanine (500 μM) with recombinant DAO resulted in a time-dependent decrease in its concentration, with a metabolic rate of ~40% after 1 hour (HPLC detection) [3] |
| ln Vivo |
Mice's prepulse inhibition deficit caused by dizozepine (0.1 mg/kg) is alleviated when D-alanine (100 mg/kg, oral) is coupled with CBIO (30 mg/kg) [3].
- In mice with dizocilpine (MK-801)-induced prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits (a model of sensorimotor gating impairment), intraperitoneal injection of D-Alanine (100, 200 mg/kg) dose-dependently restored PPI. The 200 mg/kg dose increased PPI percentage from ~35% (MK-801 group) to ~60% (control group: ~75%), with no effect on locomotor activity. Co-administration with a DAO inhibitor (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) enhanced the effect, increasing PPI to ~70% at 200 mg/kg D-Alanine (PPI test, locomotor activity assay) [3] |
| Enzyme Assay |
- Glycine receptor activation assay: Cultured rat spinal cord neurons were voltage-clamped at -60 mV using whole-cell patch-clamp. D-Alanine (10-500 μM) was applied to the bath solution, and inward chloride currents were recorded. Concentration-response curves were constructed to calculate EC50 values. Strychnine was added to confirm receptor specificity [1]
- Glycine receptor binding assay: Rat spinal cord membranes were incubated with [³H]-strychnine and increasing concentrations of D-Alanine (10-1000 μM) at 4°C for 2 hours. Unbound radioligand was removed by filtration, and bound radioactivity was measured by liquid scintillation counting. Ki values were calculated from competition binding curves [2] - DAO metabolic assay: Recombinant DAO was suspended in reaction buffer, and D-Alanine (500 μM) was added. The mixture was incubated at 37°C, and aliquots were collected at 0, 30, 60 minutes. D-Alanine concentration was quantified by HPLC to assess metabolic rate [3] |
| Cell Assay |
- Spinal cord neuron patch-clamp assay: Spinal cords were dissected from neonatal rats, dissociated into single neurons, and cultured for 7-10 days. Neurons were used for whole-cell patch-clamp recording to measure D-Alanine-induced chloride currents. Current amplitude and kinetics were analyzed to evaluate receptor activation [1]
- Receptor binding cell assay: Rat spinal cord tissue was homogenized to prepare membrane fractions. Membranes were incubated with [³H]-strychnine and D-Alanine to perform competitive binding assays. Non-specific binding was determined in the presence of excess unlabeled strychnine [2] |
| Animal Protocol |
- MK-801-induced PPI deficit model: Male ICR mice were randomly divided into control, MK-801 (0.3 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), D-Alanine (100, 200 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection), and D-Alanine + DAO inhibitor groups. MK-801 was administered 30 minutes before PPI testing; D-Alanine and DAO inhibitor were administered 60 minutes and 90 minutes before testing, respectively. PPI was measured using an acoustic startle response system, and locomotor activity was assessed in an open field arena [3]
|
| References |
|
| Additional Infomation |
D-Alanine is the D-enantiomer of alanine. It is a human metabolite, an inhibitor of EC 4.3.1.15 (diaminopropionic acid ammonia-lyase), and a metabolite of E. coli. It is a D-α-amino acid belonging to the alanine family. It is the conjugate base and conjugate acid of D-alanine, and also an enantiomer of L-alanine. It is a zwitterion tautomer of D-alanine. D-Alanine is a D-enantiomer of alanine. It is present in or produced by E. coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain). D-Alanine has also been reported to exist in plants of the Euphorbia genus (such as creeping euphorbia and red pine) and other organisms with relevant data. It is a non-essential amino acid, existing in high concentrations in its free state in plasma. It is produced by transamination of pyruvate. It participates in the metabolism of sugars and acids, enhances immunity, and provides energy for muscle tissue, the brain, and the central nervous system.
See also: Alanine (note moved to). - D-alanine is a naturally occurring D-amino acid with central nervous system activity[1][2][3] - Its core mechanisms include: activating strychnine-sensitive glycine receptors, mediating inhibitory neurotransmission in the spinal cord and brainstem[1][2]; and acting as a substrate for D-amino acid oxidase (DAO), inhibiting DAO prolongs the half-life of D-alanine and enhances its central effects[3] - D-alanine has potential value in the study of sensorimotor gating disorders (e.g., schizophrenia-related deficits) by modulating glycine receptor function. It is a tool compound for studying glycine receptor pharmacology and DAO-mediated amino acid metabolism[1][2][3] |
| Molecular Formula |
C3H7NO2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
89.0932
|
| Exact Mass |
89.047
|
| CAS # |
338-69-2
|
| Related CAS # |
26701-36-0
|
| PubChem CID |
71080
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
|
| Boiling Point |
212.9±23.0 °C at 760 mmHg
|
| Melting Point |
278-282ºC
|
| Flash Point |
82.6±22.6 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.9 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.460
|
| LogP |
-0.68
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
6
|
| Complexity |
61.8
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
C[C@H](C(=O)O)N
|
| InChi Key |
QNAYBMKLOCPYGJ-UWTATZPHSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C3H7NO2/c1-2(4)3(5)6/h2H,4H2,1H3,(H,5,6)/t2-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2R)-2-aminopropanoic acid
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~120 mg/mL (~1346.95 mM)
DMSO :< 1 mg/mL |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 50 mg/mL (561.23 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 11.2246 mL | 56.1230 mL | 112.2460 mL | |
| 5 mM | 2.2449 mL | 11.2246 mL | 22.4492 mL | |
| 10 mM | 1.1225 mL | 5.6123 mL | 11.2246 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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