| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 2g |
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| 5g |
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| 10g |
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Purity: ≥98%
Clindamycin HCl (U-21251; Cleocin, U21251; Clinsol; EC 244-398-6; EC2443986; U 21251 F; Clinacin, Dalacin), the hydrochloride salt of Clindamycin which is a semisynthetic analog of lincomycin and ribosomal translocation / protein inhibitor, is a potent antibiotic acting as a protein synthesis inhibitor. It can be used for treatment of bacterial infections such as bone or joint infections, middle ear infections, strep throat, pneumonia, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endocarditis. It can also be used for treatment of acne, and some cases of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Clindamycin is a lincosamide antibiotic and a semi-synthetic derivative of lincomycin. Its mechanism of action involves binding to the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, inhibiting protein synthesis. It is primarily active against Gram-positive bacteria (such as Staphylococcus and Streptococcus) and various anaerobes (such as Bacteroides spp.), but is ineffective against most Gram-negative aerobes. Clinically, clindamycin is widely used to treat anaerobic infections, skin and soft tissue infections, and acne, with good bioavailability for both oral and parenteral formulations.| Targets |
50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome, which inhibits bacterial protein synthesis;
Bacterial 50S ribosomal subunit (binds to 23S ribosomal RNA, inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis) [1]. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Clindamycin hydrochloride is a type of traditional bacterial protein synthase that attaches itself to the 50S ribosomal subunit's 23S ribosomal RNA [1].
Clindamycin demonstrates potent in vitro antibacterial activity against a range of pathogens. Its antibacterial activity against aerobic Gram-positive bacteria is 4 to 8 times stronger than its precursor, lincomycin. It is highly active against anaerobes, including Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium perfringens, and Peptostreptococcus. For instance, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of clindamycin against Staphylococcus aureus is typically below 0.5 μg/mL, while against Bacteroides fragilis, the MIC ranges from 0.25 to 4 μg/mL. Notably, partial cross-resistance exists between clindamycin and macrolides, while complete cross-resistance exists with lincomycin. |
| ln Vivo |
In Vivo: In a clinical study of 21 dogs with canine superficial bacterial pyoderma, oral administration of clindamycin at approximately 11 mg/kg body weight once daily for 14 to 42 days resulted in an excellent clinical response (complete remission) in 71.4% (15/21) of dogs within 14 to 28 days [2].
In vitro susceptibility testing of Staphylococcus intermedius isolates from dogs with superficial pyoderma showed that 14 out of 18 isolates (77.8%) were susceptible to clindamycin, 4 were resistant [2]. In six nonresponder dogs, follow-up cultures revealed that three dogs with initial clindamycin-susceptible S. intermedius isolates developed resistance during therapy; one dog with initially intermediate susceptibility developed resistance; two dogs had initial resistance [2]. Clindamycin hydrochloride has a mean absorption time (MAT) of 0.87 hours and a 72.55% bioavailability, indicating fast absorption into the canine cavity. When administered intravenously and intracavitally to dogs, clindamycin hydrochloride produced a total clearance (CL) of clindamycin (0.503 vs. 0.458 L). Clindamycin hydrochloride has a 2.48 L/kg instantaneous (IV) distribution concentration; it is extensively dispersed throughout bodily fluids and tissues. Clindamycin hydrochloride considerably decreased halitosis at the axial level in dogs at 42° when the serum concentration was kept at 0.5 μg/mL following intravenous and intravenous injection models. In dogs, clindamycin hydrochloride also considerably lowers thoracic, periodontal, and plaque [2]. In periodontal disease following scanning scaling, root planing, and polishing (USRP), clindamycin hydrochloride (2.5 mg/Lb) significantly affects measures of plaque and pocket depth, but not in canine mastitis. No discernible effect is present[3]. Within 14 to 28 days, 71.4% (15/21) of the dogs treated with clindamycin hydrochloride had full resolution of their superficial bacterial pyoderma [4]. |
| Enzyme Assay |
To investigate the binding kinetics of clindamycin to the ribosome, chemical footprinting is employed. Purified bacterial ribosomes (70S or 50S subunits) are typically used. Clindamycin is incubated with the ribosomal complex in a specific buffer for a very short time (e.g., 1 second) to capture the initial encounter complex (CI), or for 1 minute to form the stabilized complex (C*I). Subsequently, chemical modifying agents (e.g., DMS or kethoxal) are added to modify unprotected nucleotides. Protected sites on the ribosomal RNA are detected by primer extension reverse transcriptase analysis. For instance, studies have shown that clindamycin protects nucleotides A2058 and A2059, as well as residues within the peptidyl transferase center like A2451 and G2505, revealing its binding sites.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for clindamycin often employ eukaryotic cell lines (such as human hepatoma HepG2 cells or immune cells) to assess its cytotoxicity or effects on cell function. Cells are cultured to log phase in media containing 10% fetal bovine serum and seeded into 96-well plates. After overnight incubation, cells are treated with gradient concentrations of clindamycin (e.g., 0-1000 μg/mL) for 24 to 72 hours. Cell viability is then measured using MTT or CCK-8 assays, with absorbance read using a microplate reader. Additionally, HIV-infected MOLT3 cell models can be used to assess whether clindamycin exacerbates cell death. These assays help determine the safe concentration range of the drug.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal Protocol: For the clinical efficacy study in dogs with superficial bacterial pyoderma, clindamycin was administered orally at approximately 11 mg/kg body weight once daily (q24h). The dosage ranged from 10.5 to 12.9 mg/kg body weight, with a mean dosage of 11.34 mg/kg and a median of 11.1 mg/kg. Duration of therapy was 14 to 42 days, determined by clinical response. Dogs were reexamined on days 14, 28, and if necessary day 42. No topical therapies (including bathing) or other systemic therapies (corticosteroids, antihistamines, fatty-acid supplements, allergen injections) were allowed during the study [2].
For the pharmacokinetic study in dogs, six healthy male Beagle dogs (12-17 kg, 12 months old) were used. Clindamycin hydrochloride was administered intravenously at 11 mg/kg body weight via catheterization of the left cephalic vein. Blood samples were collected at 0, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 45 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h post-dose. For oral administration, dogs received one 150 mg clindamycin hydrochloride capsule, with dose normalized to mg/kg by dividing total clindamycin received by body weight. Blood samples were collected at 0, 15, 30, 45 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 24 h post-dose. All animals were fasted for 12 h before each drug administration. A four-week wash-out interval separated the two treatment periods [1]. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
ADME/Pharmacokinetics: In dogs, following intravenous administration of clindamycin hydrochloride at 11 mg/kg, the elimination half-life (t₁/₂λz) was 4.37 ± 1.20 h, total clearance (CL) was 0.503 ± 0.095 L/h/kg, volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) was 2.48 ± 0.48 L/kg (indicating wide distribution), and volume of distribution based on terminal phase (Vz) was 3.08 ± 0.63 L/kg [1].
Following oral administration of clindamycin hydrochloride capsules at 11 mg/kg, the elimination half-life was 4.37 ± 0.73 h, CL was 0.458 ± 0.087 L/h/kg, and Vz was 2.84 ± 0.44 L/kg. The oral bioavailability (F) was 72.55 ± 9.86%. The maximum serum concentration (Cmax) was 3.25 ± 0.49 μg/mL achieved at 1 h (range 0.75-1.5 h). The true mean absorption time (MATtrue) was 0.87 ± 0.40 h. The area under the curve (AUC) was 16.19 ± 2.83 μg·h/mL for oral and 22.52 ± 4.30 μg·h/mL for IV administration [1]. In dogs, clindamycin is extensively distributed in body fluids and tissues. The terminal phase curves for IV and oral administration declined in parallel (λz(IV) = 0.169 ± 0.045 h⁻¹, λz(oral) = 0.163 ± 0.031 h⁻¹), indicating absence of a flip-flop effect [1]. Following oral administration, serum clindamycin concentrations remained above MICs of very susceptible microorganisms (0.04-0.5 μg/mL) for 10-12 h [1]. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity/Toxicokinetics: In the clinical study of 21 dogs treated with clindamycin at approximately 11 mg/kg once daily for up to 42 days, there were no reported side effects or adverse reactions. Complete blood counts, serum biochemical profiles, and urinalyses performed at baseline and follow-up (days 28 and 42) were within reference ranges, indicating no hematological or serum biochemical abnormalities associated with clindamycin use at this dosage [2].
Medication Use During Pregnancy and Lactation ◉ Overview of Medication Use During Lactation Clindamycin may have adverse effects on the gut microbiota of breastfed infants. If a breastfeeding mother requires oral or intravenous clindamycin, this is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding, but may be a better fit for other medications. The infant's gut microbiota should be monitored for potential effects, such as diarrhea, candidiasis (thrush, diaper rash), or rare rectal bleeding (suggesting possible antibiotic-associated colitis). Vaginal administration is unlikely to cause side effects in infants, although approximately 30% of the vaginal dose is absorbed. Topical application for acne treatment is unlikely to cause side effects in infants; however, if an infant ingests medication applied to the breast, the risk of diarrhea may increase. Only water-soluble creams, foams, gels, or liquid products should be applied to the breast, as ointments may expose the infant to high concentrations of mineral oil through licking. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants A 5-day-old breastfed infant developed bloody stools, possibly due to the mother's concurrent intravenous administration of clindamycin 600 mg every 6 hours and gentamicin 80 mg every 8 hours. The infant's stool flora was reportedly normal, and the fecal occult blood test turned negative 24 hours after breastfeeding was discontinued. The infant resumed breastfeeding on day 6 after the mother discontinued antibiotics, and no further problems occurred. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk As of the revision date, no relevant published information was found. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Clindamycin is a semi-synthetic lincosamide antibiotic derived from lincomycin by substitution of a hydroxyl group with chlorine at the C7 position. It has superior antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive aerobes (cocci and bacteria) and anaerobic bacteria compared to lincomycin. MICs for susceptible strains generally range from 0.04 to 0.5 μg/mL [1].
Clindamycin is effective against Staphylococcus intermedius, the most common infectious organism isolated in cases of canine superficial bacterial folliculitis [2]. For time-dependent antimicrobial agents such as clindamycin, serum concentrations should remain above the MIC of pathogen microorganisms for at least 40-50% of the dosing interval. Clindamycin serum concentrations after IV and oral administration remain above 0.5 μg/mL for approximately 10 h [1]. The authors recommend that for the most susceptible microorganisms (MIC50 ≤0.5 μg/mL), an oral dosage of 11 mg/kg once daily is likely therapeutically effective; for less susceptible bacteria (MIC50 0.5-2 μg/mL), the same dose should be given twice daily [1]. Clindamycin has been shown to display concentration-independent bactericidal activity and exhibits an in vitro post-antibiotic effect of 0.4-3.9 h for Staphylococcus aureus and 2 h for Bacillus anthracis. In vivo, the post-antibiotic effect is generally longer (e.g., 7.1 h against S. aureus in neutropenic mouse thigh model) [1]. Clindamycin hydrochloride is an S-glycoside compound. Clindamycin hydrochloride is the hydrochloride salt form of clindamycin, a semi-synthetic chlorinated broad-spectrum antibiotic derived from lincomycin through chemical modification. Clindamycin hydrochloride is packaged in solid form in capsules. It is an antibacterial agent and a semi-synthetic analogue of lincomycin. See also: Clindamycin (containing the active moiety). |
| Molecular Formula |
C18H34CL2N2O5S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
461.439
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| Exact Mass |
460.156
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 46.85; H, 7.43; Cl, 15.36; N, 6.07; O, 17.34; S, 6.95
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| CAS # |
21462-39-5
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| Related CAS # |
Clindamycin phosphate;24729-96-2;Clindamycin palmitate hydrochloride;25507-04-4;Clindamycin;18323-44-9;Clindamycin phosphate hydrochloride;64023-51-4;Clindamycin hydrochloride monohydrate;58207-19-5
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| PubChem CID |
16051951
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Boiling Point |
628.1ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
141°C
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| Flash Point |
333.6ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
1.79E-19mmHg at 25°C
|
| LogP |
1.52
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
7
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
7
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
28
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| Complexity |
502
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
|
| SMILES |
CCC[C@@H]1C[C@H](N(C1)C)C(=O)N[C@@H]([C@@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H]([C@H]([C@H](O2)SC)O)O)O)[C@H](C)Cl.Cl
|
| InChi Key |
AUODDLQVRAJAJM-XJQDNNTCSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C18H33ClN2O5S.ClH/c1-5-6-10-7-11(21(3)8-10)17(25)20-12(9(2)19)16-14(23)13(22)15(24)18(26-16)27-4/h9-16,18,22-24H,5-8H2,1-4H3,(H,20,25)1H/t9-,10+,11-,12+,13-,14+,15+,16+,18+/m0./s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,4R)-N-((1S,2S)-2-chloro-1-((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-(methylthio)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)propyl)-1-methyl-4-propylpyrrolidine-2-carboxamide
hydrochloride
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| Synonyms |
Cleocin Cleocin HCl U21251F U-21251-FClinsol EC 244-398-6 EC2443986 U 21251 F U-21251 EC-244-398-6U 21251 ClindamycinCleocin, Clinacin, Dalacin
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~216.71 mM)
H2O : ≥ 100 mg/mL (~216.71 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (5.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (216.71 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.1671 mL | 10.8356 mL | 21.6713 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4334 mL | 2.1671 mL | 4.3343 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2167 mL | 1.0836 mL | 2.1671 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Clindamycin 300 mg Capsules in Healthy Subjects Under Fed Conditions
CTID: NCT00836004
Phase: Phase 1t Status: Completed
Date: 2024-08-19
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
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