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| Targets |
Citric acid monohydrate does not have a specific biological target. It is a chelating agent, pH adjuster, and preservative. It can chelate metal ions, including iron, which is important for its antioxidant and preservative properties. In biological systems, it is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle), a central metabolic pathway. It is used as a buffer and pH-control agent in various applications.
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| ln Vitro |
In a dose-dependent manner, citric acid monohydrate (0–12.5 mM; 24 h) has antiproliferative action [3]. In G2/M and S phases, citric acid monohydrate (12.5 mM; 72 h) dose-dependently promotes apoptosis and cell cycle arrest [3]. The expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78, and caspase-3, -8, and -9 was upregulated and the expression of BCL-2 and BCL-Xl was downregulated when exposed to 12.5 mM of citric acid monohydrate for 48 hours[3].
In vitro, Citric acid monohydrate is used as a buffer component and chelating agent in various biochemical assays. It is used in the preparation of citrate buffer for platelet studies in intravital microscopy. It acts as a pH-control agent and can chelate metal ions, preventing metal-catalyzed oxidation. It is also used as a preservative in various formulations. |
| ln Vivo |
In mouse livers, intraperitoneal injections of citric acid monohydrate (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg) can dramatically lower GSH-Px activity and raise MDA (malondialdehyde) levels [1]. In mouse hepatocytes, citric acid monohydrate (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; i.p.) causes apoptosis by dose-dependently raising caspase-3 activity [1]. Mice exposed to intraperitoneal injections of citric acid monohydrate (120, 240, and 480 mg/kg; once weekly for three weeks) develop nephrotoxicity [2].
In vivo, Citric acid monohydrate is a normal metabolite in the citric acid cycle. It plays a central role in energy metabolism. Exogenously administered citric acid is metabolized and does not have significant pharmacological effects at normal doses. It is used as a pH-control agent and preservative in various pharmaceutical and food applications. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro biochemical assays using Citric acid monohydrate include its use as a buffer component in enzymatic reactions and as a chelating agent to prevent metal ion interference. It is used in the preparation of citrate buffer for various applications including platelet studies.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[3]
Cell Types: HaCaT Cell Tested Concentrations: 0, 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10, 12.5 mM Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Inhibition of cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Cell cycle analysis[3] Cell Types: HaCaT Cell Tested Concentrations: 12.5 mM Incubation Duration: 0, 12, 24, 48, 72 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase and S in a dose-dependent manner Expect. Western Blot Analysis[3] Cell Types: HaCaT Cell Tested Concentrations: 12.5 mM Incubation Duration: 12, 24, 48 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Increased expression of FAS, BAX, BID, AIF, EndoG, cytochrome c, PARP, GADD153, GRP78 and caspase -3, -8, -9, and BCL-2 and BCL-X1 were diminished. Cell culture experiments using Citric acid monohydrate are limited as it is primarily used as a buffer component and chelating agent. It may be used in cell culture media as a component of certain formulations. Researchers should consult primary literature for specific applications. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: 20 g male Kunming mice [2]
Doses: 120, 240, 480 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; once a week for 3 weeks. Experimental Results: The activities of T-SOD and GSH-Px in the treatment group diminished with the increase of citric acid dose, the activity of NOS demonstrated an increasing trend, and the contents of H2O2 and MDA gradually diminished. In vivo animal experiments with Citric acid monohydrate are limited as it is a normal metabolite and not a therapeutic agent. It may be used as a component of formulations for drug delivery or as a pH-control agent in pharmaceutical preparations. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Citric acid monohydrate are well understood as it is a normal metabolite. It is rapidly metabolized through the citric acid cycle. The compound has molecular weight 210.14 and molecular formula C6H8O7·H2O. It is a white crystalline solid. Solubility: water soluble. Storage: appropriately.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Citric acid monohydrate is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for food and pharmaceutical applications at appropriate concentrations. It is a normal metabolite and has low toxicity. However, as with all chemical reagents, appropriate safety precautions should be followed. The compound is for research use and for approved applications; not for over-the-counter use without appropriate formulation.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Citric acid monohydrate is an organic molecular entity. Citric acid monohydrate is a tricarboxylic acid found in citrus fruits. Due to its antioxidant properties, citric acid is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical preparations. It helps maintain the stability of active ingredients and can be used as a preservative. It can also be used as an acidifier to control pH and exerts an anticoagulant effect by chelating calcium ions in the blood. It is a key intermediate in metabolic processes. It is an acidic compound found in citrus fruits. Citrate (citric acid salt) can be used as an anticoagulant due to its ability to chelate calcium ions. See also: Citric acid (general); Citric acid monohydrate; Potassium citrate (ingredient); Citric acid monohydrate; Sodium bicarbonate (ingredient)... See more...
Citric acid monohydrate has CAS number 5949-29-1, molecular formula C6H8O7·H2O, and molecular weight 210.14. It is a naturally occurring organic acid used as a preservative, pH adjuster, and chelating agent. It is used in the preparation of citrate buffer. It acts as an iron chelator. Purity: typically ≥99%. Not for human use without appropriate formulation; for research and approved applications. |
| Molecular Formula |
C6H10O8
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| Molecular Weight |
210.1388
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| Exact Mass |
210.037
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| CAS # |
5949-29-1
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| Related CAS # |
Citric acid;77-92-9;Ferric citrate;3522-50-7
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| PubChem CID |
22230
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.54
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| Boiling Point |
56 °C760 mm Hg(lit.)
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| Melting Point |
135-152 ºC
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| Flash Point |
173.9 ºC
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| Vapour Pressure |
184 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
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| Index of Refraction |
n20/D 1.359(lit.)
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| Source |
Aspergillus niger
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
5
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
8
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
5
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
227
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C(CC(C(O)=O)(O)CC(O)=O)O.O
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| InChi Key |
YASYEJJMZJALEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C6H8O7.H2O/c7-3(8)1-6(13,5(11)12)2-4(9)10;/h13H,1-2H2,(H,7,8)(H,9,10)(H,11,12);1H2
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| Chemical Name |
2-hydroxypropane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid;hydrate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~475.87 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline and mix well. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (11.90 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.7587 mL | 23.7937 mL | 47.5873 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.9517 mL | 4.7587 mL | 9.5175 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4759 mL | 2.3794 mL | 4.7587 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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