| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 25mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Catalpol does not have a single defined target. It acts through multiple mechanisms. It inhibits apoptosis of neurons and endothelial cells and suppresses the production of free radicals while elevating antioxidant capacity. It decreases peroxynitrite formation and exerts cardioprotective effects through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Catalpol (0.1 μg/mL) can stimulate intracellular signal transduction pathways and enhance neurite length in PC12 cells to induce neuronal development [2].
In vitro, Catalpol inhibits HCT116 colon cancer cell proliferation and induces apoptosis, which depends on the increased activities of caspase-3 and -9. It exerts cytoprotective effects on astrocytes and H9c2 cells by suppressing free radical production and enhancing antioxidant capacity. |
| ln Vivo |
In mice with renal ischemia/reperfusion damage (IRI), therapy with catalpol (25–100 mg/kg; intraperitoneal injection; once) can considerably lower blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine levels, and KIM-1 expression. Catalpol suppresses the activities of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 and greatly reduces the expression of PI3K, Akt, and eNOS levels [1].
In vivo, Catalpol exerts cardioprotective effects in ischemic/reperfusion rats through the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Its neuroprotective, hypoglycemic, and anti-inflammatory effects have also been demonstrated in various animal models. |
| Enzyme Assay |
As a multi-targeted natural product, there is no single enzyme/receptor binding assay for Catalpol. Its antioxidant activity can be measured by its ability to scavenge free radicals or inhibit lipid peroxidation in cell-free systems.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays are used to study its various activities. For example, its anticancer activity is assessed in cancer cell lines like HCT116, where cell proliferation and apoptosis are measured. Its neuroprotective effects are studied in neuronal cell cultures exposed to oxidative stress.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: C57BL/6 mice treated with renal ischemia/reperfusion surgery [1]
Doses: 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection; Experimental Results:Dramatically diminished renal IRI Blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine levels and KIM-1 expression in mice. In vivo activity is evaluated in animal models of disease. Its cardioprotective effects are studied in a rat model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Its neuroprotective effects are studied in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Catalpol are not extensively detailed. As a glycoside, it is likely to have moderate oral bioavailability. Its metabolism and distribution would need to be characterized for therapeutic development.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Detailed toxicological data for Catalpol is not available in standard research literature. As a natural product with a history of use in traditional medicine, it is generally considered to have a low toxicity profile, but systematic studies are lacking.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Catalpol is an organic molecular entity with metabolic activity. It has been reported to exist in Veronica kellereri, Scutellaria racemosa, and other organisms with relevant data. See also: Rehmannia glutinosa root (part).
Catalpol is a promising natural product lead for the development of drugs for neurodegenerative disorders, diabetes, and inflammatory diseases. Its multi-faceted mechanism of action, involving antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects, makes it a valuable compound for research. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H22O10
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
362.3292
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| Exact Mass |
362.121
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| CAS # |
2415-24-9
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| PubChem CID |
91520
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.7±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
675.6±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
203-205ºC
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| Flash Point |
362.4±31.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.679
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| LogP |
-4.15
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
6
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
10
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
25
|
| Complexity |
542
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
11
|
| SMILES |
C1=CO[C@H]([C@H]2[C@@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]3[C@@]2(O3)CO)O)O[C@H]4[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O4)CO)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
LHDWRKICQLTVDL-PZYDOOQISA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H22O10/c16-3-6-9(19)10(20)11(21)14(23-6)24-13-7-5(1-2-22-13)8(18)12-15(7,4-17)25-12/h1-2,5-14,16-21H,3-4H2/t5-,6-,7-,8+,9-,10+,11-,12+,13+,14+,15-/m1/s1
|
| Chemical Name |
(2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-2-[[(1S,2S,4S,5S,6R,10S)-5-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,9-dioxatricyclo[4.4.0.02,4]dec-7-en-10-yl]oxy]-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-3,4,5-triol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 30 mg/mL (~82.80 mM)
H2O : ~7.14 mg/mL (~19.71 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7599 mL | 13.7996 mL | 27.5991 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5520 mL | 2.7599 mL | 5.5198 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2760 mL | 1.3800 mL | 2.7599 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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