Fibroblast proliferation is induced by camphor brain via PI3K/AKT and ERK signaling [3]. According to MTT assay results, brain fibroblast viability was increased to 108.9± at 32.5, 65, 130, and 260 μM Camphor as opposed to 6.6%, 118.6±2.8%, 127.7±4.2%, and 131.6±7.2% at 0 μM Camphor brain treatment[3]. The application of camphor (0-260 μM) therapy resulted in a 24-hour rise in ROS production of up to 17.97%, as opposed to 5.04% in the untreated laboratory [3]. The phosphorylation of PI3K, AKT, ERK, and 4EBP1 is activated by camphor (0-260 μM) in a time- and dose-dependent manner [3].

Cell Viability Assay[3]
Cell Types: primary dermal fibroblasts
Tested Concentrations: 0-260 μM
Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours)
Experimental Results: 32.5, 65, 130 and 260 μM increased fibroblast viability to 108.9±6.6%, 118.6± 2.8%, 127.7±4.2% and 131.6 compared to 0 μM treatment, respectively ±7.2%.

---

Western Blot Analysis[3]
Cell Types: Primary Dermal Fibroblasts
Tested Concentrations: 0-260 μM
Incubation Duration: 24 hrs (hours)
Experimental Results: Induction of PI3K, AKT, ERK and 4EBP1 (mRNA translation repressor and mTOR substrate) in a Phosphorylation in a dose- and time-dependent manner.

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Camphor is rapidly absorbed from the mucous membranes and the gastrointestinal tract. ... It is also absorbed through inhalation, through dermal application, and by nasal instillation.
... after camphor ingestion by mothers ... camphor was detectable in maternal blood 15 min after ingestion, but not after 8 hr. At delivery 36 hr later ... it was present in amnionic fluid, cord and fetal blood and fetal brain, liver and kidneys.
Alimentary absorption of pure camphor, or of alcohol solution ... is quite rapid, but from the oil preparation absorption is constant. Camphor is ... slowly absorbed from sc or im depots.
Absorbed camphor is mainly eliminated as the oxidized camphorol in the urine, although some appears in the breath, sweat, and feces.
For more Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (Complete) data for CAMPHOR (7 total), please visit the HSDB record page.

---

Metabolism / Metabolites
In the liver microsomes of female mice, two induction phases during inhalation of DL-camphor were found. During the first 24 hr the apparent molar activity of the ethylumbelliferone dealkylase decreased. In the second phase, the molar ethylumbelliferone dealkylase activity was constant.
The metabolism of (+)-camphor and (-)-camphor was investigated in rabbits after administration /through/ stomach tube; metabolites of (+)-camphor were (+)-borneol, (+)-5-endo-hydroxycamphor, and (+)-3-endohydroxycamphor.
Camphor is rapidly oxidized to campherols (2-hydroxycamphor and 3-hydroxycamphor), and then conjugated in the liver to the glucuronide form. Camphor-related metabolites are relatively fat-soluble and may accumulate in fatty tissue.

---

Biological Half-Life
167 minutes (200 mg camphor ingested alone); 93 minutes (200 mg camphor ingested with a solvent - Tween 80).

[1]. Camphor--a fumigant during the Black Death and a coveted fragrant wood in ancient Egypt and Babylon--a review. Molecules. 2013 May 10;18(5):5434-54.

[2]. Different ligands of the TRPV3 cation channel cause distinct conformational changes as revealedby intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence quenching. J Biol Chem. 2015 May 15;290(20):12964-74.

[3]. Camphor Induces Proliferative and Anti-senescence Activities in Human Primary Dermal Fibroblasts and Inhibits UV-Induced Wrinkle Formation in Mouse Skin. Phytother Res. 2015 Dec;29(12):1917-25.

Camphor appears as a colorless or white colored crystalline powder with a strong mothball-like odor. About the same density as water. Emits flammable vapors above 150 °F. Used to make moth proofings, pharmaceuticals, and flavorings.
Camphor is a cyclic monoterpene ketone that is bornane bearing an oxo substituent at position 2. A naturally occurring monoterpenoid. It has a role as a plant metabolite. It is a bornane monoterpenoid and a cyclic monoterpene ketone.
Camphor is a bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially Cinnamomum camphora. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent. When ingested, camphor has a rapid onset of toxic effects, and camphorated oil is the product most often responsible for its toxicity. The FDA ruled that camphorated oil could not be marketed in the United States and that no product could contain a concentration higher than 11%. It appears in the list of drug products withdrawn or removed from the market for safety or effectiveness. However, camphor can be found in several nonprescription medications at lower concentrations.
Camphor has been reported in Otanthus maritimus, Tetradenia riparia, and other organisms with data available.
A bicyclic monoterpene ketone found widely in plants, especially CINNAMOMUM CAMPHORA. It is used topically as a skin antipruritic and as an anti-infective agent.
See also: Camphor (synthetic) (annotation moved to); Camphor Oil (annotation moved to); Camphor oil, white (annotation moved to) ... View More ...

---

Mechanism of Action
Camphor is a naturally occurring compound that is used as a major active ingredient of balms and liniments supplied as topical analgesics. ... Capsaicin and menthol, two other topically applied agents widely used for similar purposes, are known to excite and desensitize sensory nerves by acting on two members of transient receptor potential (TRP) channel superfamily: heat-sensitive TRP vanilloid subtype 1 (TRPV1) and cold-sensitive TRP channel M8, respectively. Camphor has recently been shown to activate TRPV3, and here /investigators/ show that camphor also activates heterologously expressed TRPV1, requiring higher concentrations than capsaicin. Activation was enhanced by phospholipase C-coupled receptor stimulation mimicking inflamed conditions. Similar camphor-activated TRPV1-like currents were observed in isolated rat DRG neurons and were strongly potentiated after activation of protein kinase C with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate. Camphor activation of rat TRPV1 was mediated by distinct channel regions from capsaicin, as indicated by camphor activation in the presence of the competitive inhibitor capsazepine and in a capsaicin-insensitive point mutant. Camphor did not activate the capsaicin-insensitive chicken TRPV1. TRPV1 desensitization is believed to contribute to the analgesic actions of capsaicin. /The authors/ found that, although camphor activates TRPV1 less effectively, camphor application desensitized TRPV1 more rapidly and completely than capsaicin. Conversely, TRPV3 current sensitized after repeated camphor applications, which is inconsistent with the analgesic role of camphor. /Investigators/ also found that camphor inhibited several other related TRP channels, including ankyrin-repeat TRP 1 (TRPA1). The camphor-induced desensitization of TRPV1 and block of TRPA1 may underlie the analgesic effects of camphor.

C10H16O

152.2334

152.12

76-22-2

2537

White to off-white solid powder

1.0±0.1 g/cm3

207.4±0.0 °C at 760 mmHg

175-177 °C(lit.)

64.4±0.0 °C

0.2±0.4 mmHg at 25°C

1.485

2.13

0

1

0

11

217

0

DSSYKIVIOFKYAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N

InChI=1S/C10H16O/c1-9(2)7-4-5-10(9,3)8(11)6-7/h7H,4-6H2,1-3H3

1,7,7-trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~656.90 mM)
H2O : ~3.33 mg/mL (~21.87 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

---

Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

---

View More

Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

---

Solubility in Formulation 4: 3.33 mg/mL (21.87 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C).

---

 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)