| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Butyl isobutyl phthalate targets endocrine pathways, particularly acting as an agonist or antagonist of nuclear receptors such as the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and the androgen receptor (AR). It can disrupt hormone signaling by interfering with receptor-ligand binding, leading to altered gene expression. The compound also affects lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis by modulating PPAR-mediated transcription. In vitro and in vivo studies suggest that phthalates can influence reproductive and developmental processes through these receptor-mediated pathways, making them a focus of toxicological research.
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| ln Vitro |
At an IC50 value of 38 μM, butyl isobutyl phthalate exhibits strong concentration-dependent inhibitory action against α-glucosidase [1].
In vitro, butyl isobutyl phthalate has been shown to affect cell viability and proliferation in various cell lines, including testicular Leydig cells and hepatic cells. It can induce oxidative stress, leading to increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation. The compound also modulates the expression of genes involved in steroidogenesis and lipid metabolism. In reporter gene assays, it exhibits agonistic or antagonistic activity on PPAR and AR, depending on the cell context. These activities suggest potential endocrine-disrupting properties and metabolic interference. |
| ln Vivo |
More substantial blood glucose reductions are possible with butyl isobutyl phthalate (gavage; 25, 50, or 100 mg/kg; 3 days), with blood glucose readings of 11.50, 8.60, and 6.50 mM, respectively [1].
In vivo, butyl isobutyl phthalate has been studied in animal models to assess its reproductive and developmental toxicity. In rodent studies, exposure to this phthalate has been associated with reduced testicular weight, altered sperm production, and impaired fetal development. It can also induce liver hypertrophy and alter lipid profiles, consistent with PPAR activation. The compound is metabolized to monoesters and oxidized products, which are excreted in urine and feces. These in vivo findings highlight the compound's potential as a reproductive toxicant and metabolic disruptor. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for butyl isobutyl phthalate involve evaluating its interaction with PPAR and AR. The assay is typically performed using a competitive binding format with radiolabeled ligands or a fluorescent polarization method. Recombinant receptor proteins are incubated with the compound and a labeled probe, and the displacement is measured. The IC₅₀ and Ki values are calculated to determine binding affinity. Functional activity is assessed using transactivation assays with luciferase reporter constructs in cells expressing the respective receptors.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular experiments for butyl isobutyl phthalate are performed using cell lines such as HepG2 (hepatic), MA-10 (Leydig), or MCF-7 (breast). Cells are exposed to varying concentrations of the compound for 24-72 hours, and cell viability is measured using MTT or Alamar Blue assays. Effects on gene expression are assessed by qPCR for targets like PPARγ, CYP51, or steroidogenic enzymes. Hormone secretion (e.g., testosterone, estradiol) can be measured by ELISA to evaluate endocrine disruption. These assays help characterize the compound's cellular toxicity and mechanism.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice (male Kunming mice) [1]
Doses: 25, 50 or 100 mg/kg Route of Administration: Oral administration Experimental Results: Anti-diabetic activity was observed in mice. In vivo animal studies for butyl isobutyl phthalate are typically conducted using rodent models, with exposure via oral gavage or dietary administration. Dose-response studies assess effects on reproductive organs, liver weight, and serum hormone levels. Developmental toxicity is evaluated by exposing pregnant dams and examining fetal malformations or growth retardation. Histopathological analysis of testes, ovaries, and liver is performed to identify morphological changes. Endocrine endpoints include measurements of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and sex steroid levels. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of butyl isobutyl phthalate involve rapid absorption from the gastrointestinal tract following oral exposure. The compound is hydrolyzed by intestinal esterases to its primary monoester metabolite, monobutyl isobutyl phthalate, and further oxidized to more water-soluble metabolites. The parent compound and its metabolites are predominantly excreted in urine and feces within 24-48 hours. The half-life is short (several hours), with limited accumulation in tissues due to efficient metabolism and elimination.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of butyl isobutyl phthalate is characterized by reproductive and developmental toxicity, hepatotoxicity, and potential endocrine disruption. In animal studies, high doses have been associated with testicular atrophy, reduced sperm count, and fetal malformations. The compound can also cause liver enzyme induction and peroxisome proliferation. Human exposure is primarily through dietary intake, dust inhalation, and medical devices. Regulatory agencies have classified some phthalates as reproductive toxicants, and their use is restricted in certain applications.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Butyl indicate that butyl phthalate has been found in Cryptocoryne rubra, Houttuynia cordata, and Perilla frutescens, and relevant data is available for reference.
Butyl isobutyl phthalate is a phthalate ester used as a plasticizer and research chemical. It is a member of the phthalate family with potential endocrine-disrupting properties. It acts as a PPAR agonist and AR antagonist, affecting lipid metabolism, reproduction, and development. Due to its widespread presence in consumer products and environmental persistence, it has been the subject of numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies. Regulatory measures have been implemented to limit exposure, and safer alternatives are being developed. |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H22O4
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
278.34348
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| Exact Mass |
278.151
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| CAS # |
17851-53-5
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| PubChem CID |
28813
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| Appearance |
Colorless to light yellow liquid
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| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
315.7±10.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
165.4±8.5 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.498
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| LogP |
4.64
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
312
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCC(C)C
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| InChi Key |
UVIVWIFUPKGWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H22O4/c1-4-5-10-19-15(17)13-8-6-7-9-14(13)16(18)20-11-12(2)3/h6-9,12H,4-5,10-11H2,1-3H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-O-butyl 2-O-(2-methylpropyl) benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~359.27 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.25 mg/mL (8.08 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 22.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.25 mg/mL (8.08 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 22.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.25 mg/mL (8.08 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.5927 mL | 17.9636 mL | 35.9273 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7185 mL | 3.5927 mL | 7.1855 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3593 mL | 1.7964 mL | 3.5927 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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