| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Adrenergic nerve terminals and cardiac potassium channels. Bretylium tosylate initially causes the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings, followed by a prolonged inhibition of its release. It also blocks potassium channels in cardiac myocytes, prolonging the action potential duration and refractory period.
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| ln Vitro |
Bretylium tosylate inhibits the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals, which can lead to a decrease in peripheral vascular resistance and blood pressure. In cardiac tissue, it prolongs the action potential duration and effective refractory period by blocking potassium channels. This antiarrhythmic effect is useful in the treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, bretylium tosylate is used for the treatment and prophylaxis of ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. It is administered intravenously or intramuscularly. Its effects on blood pressure and heart rate are variable, with an initial increase followed by a decrease. Its antiarrhythmic efficacy is well-established, but its use is limited by its side effect profile.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro receptor binding assays for bretylium tosylate are not standard. Its mechanism of action is primarily studied using functional assays in isolated nerve preparations or cardiac tissue. The compound's ability to inhibit norepinephrine release can be assessed by measuring the uptake of radiolabeled norepinephrine into synaptic vesicles.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for bretylium tosylate involve treating neuronal or cardiac cells with the compound and measuring its effects on ion channels or neurotransmitter release. Patch-clamp electrophysiology can be used to study its effects on potassium channels. The compound's effects on norepinephrine release can be studied in synaptosomal preparations.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for bretylium tosylate typically involve administration to animal models of arrhythmia. The compound's ability to prevent or terminate ventricular arrhythmias is assessed. Its effects on blood pressure and heart rate are also monitored. These studies have established the antiarrhythmic efficacy of bretylium tosylate.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Bretylium tosylate is poorly absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is therefore administered parenterally. It has a half-life of approximately 5-10 hours and is primarily eliminated unchanged by the kidneys. The compound's pharmacokinetic profile supports its use as an intravenous antiarrhythmic agent.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The most significant toxicity of bretylium tosylate is hypotension, which can be severe. Other adverse effects include nausea, vomiting, and bradycardia. The initial release of norepinephrine can cause an increase in blood pressure and heart rate. Due to these side effects and the availability of safer alternatives, its clinical use has declined.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Bretylium tosylate is the tosylate salt of Bretylium bromide. It blocks the release of norepinephrine from the peripheral sympathetic nervous system and is used in emergency medicine, cardiology, and other specialties to treat ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation. It acts as an adrenergic antagonist, antiarrhythmia agent, and antihypertensive. It is a quaternary ammonium salt and organic sulfonate containing a Bretylium bromide group. Bretylium tosylate is the tosylate salt form of Bretylium bromide, a quaternary ammonium salt and a non-selective adrenergic neuron blocker with antiarrhythmic effects. Bretylium tosylate is selectively absorbed by peripheral nerve endings, initially causing the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve endings, thus producing a sympathomimetic effect. Subsequently, the drug produces a sustained antiadrenergic effect, preventing further release of neurotransmitters from sympathetic nerve endings. Its effects on the myocardium include prolonging the action potential and refractory period. This drug is used to treat and suppress ventricular arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. It blocks the release of adrenergic neurotransmitters and may have other effects. It was previously used as an antihypertensive drug, but is now considered to have antiarrhythmic effects.
Bretylium tosylate is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that was previously used for the treatment of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias. It inhibits the release of norepinephrine from sympathetic nerve terminals and prolongs the action potential duration of cardiac tissue. Its use has largely been superseded by other antiarrhythmic agents due to its side effect profile. |
| Molecular Formula |
C18H24BRNO3S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
414.3571
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| Exact Mass |
413.066
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| CAS # |
61-75-6
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| PubChem CID |
6100
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Melting Point |
97-99°
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| LogP |
5.025
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
24
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| Complexity |
349
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
KVWNWTZZBKCOPM-UHFFFAOYSA-M
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H17BrN.C7H8O3S/c1-4-13(2,3)9-10-7-5-6-8-11(10)12;1-6-2-4-7(5-3-6)11(8,9)10/h5-8H,4,9H2,1-3H3;2-5H,1H3,(H,8,9,10)/q+1;/p-1
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| Chemical Name |
(2-bromophenyl)methyl-ethyl-dimethylazanium;4-methylbenzenesulfonate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~241.34 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (6.03 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (6.03 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: 2.5 mg/mL (6.03 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4134 mL | 12.0668 mL | 24.1336 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4827 mL | 2.4134 mL | 4.8267 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2413 mL | 1.2067 mL | 2.4134 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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