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| 5mg |
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| Targets |
Brazilin has multiple molecular targets. It targets the AMPK/mTOR pathway to induce autophagy. It also has anti-IKK activity, inhibiting the IκB kinase complex. Additionally, it targets apoptosis and autophagy pathways. The compound's ability to modulate these pathways contributes to its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer activities.
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| ln Vitro |
PC12 cells are not significantly cytotoxically affected by brazilin (40 µM, 24 h) [4]. In PC12 cells, brazilin (10 µM, 1 h) lessens H2O2-induced (200 µM, 24 h) cytotoxicity [4]. H2O2-induced (200 μM, 24 h) cytotoxicity in PC12 cells was antagonistic by brazilin (10 μM, 1 h) [4].
In vitro, brazilin has been shown to inhibit the proliferation of various cancer cell lines. It promotes apoptosis and induces autophagy. The compound also exhibits anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting IL-1 receptor signaling. Its effects are mediated through the AMPK/mTOR pathway. |
| ln Vivo |
Brazilin (10 mg/kg, ip, 28 d) can cause mice to exhibit behaviors resembling anxiety and despair brought on by CMS [4.
In vivo, brazilin has demonstrated anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. Its antiplatelet activity suggests potential benefits in cardiovascular diseases. The compound's effects on inflammation and cell proliferation make it a candidate for further research in various disease models. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme or receptor binding (non-cell) assays for brazilin involve studying its inhibition of IKK activity. The assay uses a purified recombinant IKK enzyme and a peptide substrate. The phosphorylation of the substrate is measured using a radioactive or fluorescent method. The compound's effects on AMPK activity can also be assessed using a kinase assay.
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| Cell Assay |
Cell Viability Assay[4]
Cell Types: PC12 cell line Tested Concentrations: 10, 20 μM]. Incubation Duration: 1 hour Experimental Results: The decrease in cell viability induced by 200 µM H2O2 was attenuated at 10 µM and 20 µM concentrations. (47.83% and 91.51% of the control values respectively) In vitro cell-based assays for brazilin are performed using various cancer cell lines. Cells are treated with the compound, and cell viability and proliferation are assessed using standard assays. Apoptosis is detected using Annexin V/PI staining, and autophagy is assessed by detecting LC3-II conversion and p62 degradation via Western blotting. |
| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Chronic mild stress (CMS) mouse model [4]
Doses: 10 mg/kg Route of Administration: intraperitoneal (ip) injection, one time/day for 28 days. Experimental Results: Dramatically shortened the feeding latency. In vivo animal experiments for brazilin are conducted using models of inflammation and cancer. The compound is administered, and its effects on inflammatory markers and tumor growth are assessed. The specific experimental design depends on the research question being addressed. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of brazilin have been characterized to support its use as a research tool. The compound has a molecular weight of 286.28 and a formula of C₁₆H₁₄O₅. It is soluble in DMSO. Specific PK parameters, such as half-life and bioavailability, are determined in preclinical studies via LC-MS/MS analysis of plasma samples.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology (toxicology) data for brazilin are typical of a research compound. It is generally well-tolerated at effective doses. The safety profile is being evaluated in the context of its use as a research tool to study inflammation and cancer.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Brazilin lignin is an organic heterotetracyclic compound, a red pigment extracted from the wood of Caesalpinia echinata (also known as Brazilin wood) or Caesalpinia sappan (also known as sappanwood). It possesses multiple functions, including being a plant metabolite, histological dye, antitumor agent, biopigment, anti-inflammatory agent, apoptosis inducer, antioxidant, antibacterial agent, NF-κB inhibitor, and hepatoprotective agent. It is an organic heterotetracyclic compound belonging to the catechol and tertiary alcohol classes. Brazilin lignin has also been reported in Caesalpinia violacea, Guilandina bonduc, and other organisms with relevant data.
Other information: Brazilin is a natural product found in Brazilwood. It is used as a red dye and has been studied for its potential therapeutic applications. The compound is available from chemical suppliers for preclinical research purposes. |
| Molecular Formula |
C16H14O5
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
286.2794
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| Exact Mass |
286.084
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| CAS # |
474-07-7
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| PubChem CID |
73384
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| Appearance |
Yellow to brown solid powder
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| Density |
1.6±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
555.8±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
156-157ºC
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| Flash Point |
289.9±30.1 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.6 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.774
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| LogP |
1.32
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
4
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
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| Heavy Atom Count |
21
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| Complexity |
416
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
2
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| SMILES |
C1C2=CC(=C(C=C2[C@H]3[C@@]1(COC4=C3C=CC(=C4)O)O)O)O
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| InChi Key |
UWHUTZOCTZJUKC-JKSUJKDBSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C16H14O5/c17-9-1-2-10-14(4-9)21-7-16(20)6-8-3-12(18)13(19)5-11(8)15(10)16/h1-5,15,17-20H,6-7H2/t15-,16+/m0/s1
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| Chemical Name |
(6aS,11bR)-7,11b-dihydro-6H-indeno[2,1-c]chromene-3,6a,9,10-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~33.33 mg/mL (~116.42 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.73 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (8.73 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.4931 mL | 17.4654 mL | 34.9308 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6986 mL | 3.4931 mL | 6.9862 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3493 mL | 1.7465 mL | 3.4931 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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