| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| Targets |
Bithionol sulfoxide targets oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria of parasites. By disrupting this process, it leads to energy depletion and death of the parasites. The compound also functions as a carbonyl reductase inhibitor. It has been associated with cardiotoxicity in the context of anthracycline cancer chemotherapy. As an antimicrobial agent, it exhibits bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity. The compound's mechanism also involves inhibition of solid tumor growth in preclinical models. Its multiple targets contribute to its broad-spectrum activity.
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| ln Vitro |
Neoparamiba parasites are toxic to dithiol sulfoxide (0.1–10 mg/mL, 72 hours) in seawater [1]. Dithiol sulfoxide (1-1000 μg/plate) shows carcinogenic activity in strains TA98 and TA100 (in a Salmonella/mammalian microsome test) in the absence of metabolic activation [5].
In vitro studies have demonstrated that Bithionol sulfoxide inhibits solid tumor growth in several preclinical cancer models. The compound exhibits bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity. Its mechanism involves disruption of oxidative phosphorylation in parasite mitochondria. As a carbonyl reductase inhibitor, it may affect cellular metabolism. The compound's in vitro activity has been characterized in various assays, confirming its anti-parasitic, antimicrobial, and antitumor effects. Its potency and mechanism of action have been established through biochemical and cellular studies. |
| ln Vivo |
Oral dithiol sulfoxide has LD50 values of 1000–5000 mg/kg for mice and roughly 5000 mg/kg for rats; at high dosages (5000–100 mg/kg), serum AST is elevated [3]. Dairy cows that naturally contract ruminal fluke infections can benefit from oral dithiol sulfoxide at doses of 80 and 90 mg/kg [4].
In vivo studies have shown that Bithionol sulfoxide is effective against parasitic infections caused by trematodes and cestodes. It has been used clinically as an anti-parasitic drug. The compound also inhibits solid tumor growth in preclinical cancer models. Its in vivo activity is mediated through disruption of oxidative phosphorylation in parasites. The compound's clinical use as an anti-parasitic agent supports its in vivo efficacy. Its effects on tumor growth in preclinical models suggest potential anticancer activity, though this has not been translated to clinical use. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro assay for Bithionol sulfoxide varies depending on the biological activity being measured. For anti-parasitic activity, parasites are cultured in vitro and treated with varying concentrations of the compound; viability is assessed by motility, metabolic activity, or membrane integrity. For enzyme inhibition, carbonyl reductase activity is measured in the presence of the compound. For antitumor activity, cancer cell lines are treated with the compound, and cell viability is measured using standard assays such as MTT. IC50 values are determined from dose-response curves. Data analysis using nonlinear regression models yields potency parameters.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for Bithionol sulfoxide are conducted using cancer cell lines to evaluate antitumor activity. Cells are plated in multi-well plates and treated with varying concentrations of the compound. Cell viability is assessed using MTT, MTS, or CellTiter-Glo assays. Apoptosis and cell cycle effects can be characterized using flow cytometry. For anti-parasitic activity, parasite cultures are treated with the compound, and viability is assessed. For antimicrobial activity, bacterial or fungal cultures are treated, and growth inhibition is measured. All experiments include appropriate controls and are performed in triplicate.
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| Animal Protocol |
Animal/Disease Models: Cow [4]
Doses: 60, 80, 90 mg/kg Route of Administration: Oral Experimental Results: After 1 week of treatment, the efficacy against ruminal fluke infection was approximately 70% at doses of 80 and 90 mg/kg . In vivo animal studies for Bithionol sulfoxide have been conducted in preclinical cancer models to evaluate antitumor activity. Tumor-bearing mice are administered the compound via oral or intraperitoneal routes. Tumor growth is monitored by caliper measurements, and tissues are collected for histopathological analysis. For anti-parasitic studies, infected animals are treated with the compound, and parasite burden is assessed. The compound's clinical use as an anti-parasitic drug in humans has established its in vivo efficacy and safety profile. Standard study designs with appropriate control groups are employed. |
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic data for Bithionol sulfoxide are not extensively reported in the available literature. The compound has a molecular weight of 372.05 g/mol and a molecular formula of C12H6Cl4O3S. As a clinically approved anti-parasitic drug, its pharmacokinetic properties have been characterized to some extent. The compound is typically administered orally. Its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion would be consistent with small molecule anti-parasitic agents. Specific PK parameters are not provided in the available sources.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicology data for Bithionol sulfoxide indicate that it has been associated with cardiotoxicity in the context of anthracycline cancer chemotherapy. As a clinically approved drug, its safety profile has been established in humans. The compound's mechanism of action involves disruption of oxidative phosphorylation, which could contribute to toxicity. However, specific toxicity data, including LD50 values and detailed organ toxicity profiles, are not provided in the available sources. The compound is used clinically as an anti-parasitic agent.
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| References |
[1]. Florent RL, et al. In vitro toxicity of bithionol and bithionol sulphoxide to Neoparamoeba spp., the causative agent of amoebic gill disease (AGD). Dis Aquat Organ. 2010 Sep 17;91(3):257-62.
[2]. S P Yang, et al. Treatment of paragonimiasis with bithionol and bithionol sulfoxide. Dis Chest. 1967 Aug;52(2):220-32. [3]. Lavrič A, et al. Oral toxicity of bithionol sulfoxide in mice and rats. Zbornik Veterinarske Fakultete Univerza Ljubljana 1990 Vol.27 No.1 pp.33-39 ref.22. [4]. Chompoochan T, et al. The anthelmintic effects of bithionol sulfoxide against sheep experimentally infected with Fasciola gigantica[C]//ACIAR PROCEEDINGS. 1996: 189-194. [5]. D.Mourot, et al. Mutagenicity of bithionol sulfoxide and its metabolites in the Salmonella/mammalian microsome test. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology, 1987, 188(1): 53-55. |
| Additional Infomation |
Bithionol sulfoxide is a clinically approved anti-parasitic drug effective against trematodes and cestodes. It disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in parasite mitochondria, leading to energy depletion and death. The compound exhibits bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity and has been shown to inhibit solid tumor growth in preclinical cancer models. It has a molecular formula of C12H6Cl4O3S and a molecular weight of 372.05 g/mol. Bithionol sulfoxide is also known as bis(2-hydroxy-3,5-dichlorophenyl)sulfoxide and functions as a carbonyl reductase inhibitor.
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| Molecular Formula |
C12H6O3SCL4
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| Molecular Weight |
372.05124
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| Exact Mass |
369.879
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| CAS # |
844-26-8
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| Related CAS # |
Bithionol;97-18-7
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| PubChem CID |
68939
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.86 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
532.7ºC at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
276ºC
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| Index of Refraction |
1.769
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| LogP |
5.743
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
341
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=S(C1C(O)=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=1)C1C(O)=C(Cl)C=C(Cl)C=1
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| InChi Key |
RPAJWWXZIQJVJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C12H6Cl4O3S/c13-5-1-7(15)11(17)9(3-5)20(19)10-4-6(14)2-8(16)12(10)18/h1-4,17-18H
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| Chemical Name |
2,4-dichloro-6-(3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)sulfinylphenol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 250 mg/mL (~671.95 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.08 mg/mL (5.59 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.59 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.6878 mL | 13.4391 mL | 26.8781 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5376 mL | 2.6878 mL | 5.3756 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2688 mL | 1.3439 mL | 2.6878 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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