| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 100mg |
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| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Benactyzine acts as a competitive antagonist at muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, both centrally and peripherally. It binds to M1, M2, and other subtypes, blocking the action of acetylcholine. Additionally, it inhibits butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), an enzyme that hydrolyses choline esters. Its anticholinergic effects are mediated through muscarinic receptor blockade, leading to reduced parasympathetic activity. The compound's central activity is responsible for its historical use in depression, while peripheral effects include smooth muscle relaxation and reduced secretions.
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| ln Vitro |
Benatezine hydrochloride and trofenin, which have Ki values of 0.010±0.001 and 0.003±0.000 mM, respectively, are commonly used anticholinergic medicines and competitive inhibitors of BChE. The findings indicate that benatizine hydrochloride has a purely competitive or partially competitive inhibitory impact on BChE. By graphing v versus [Benactyzine] at a fixed [BTCh][1], pure competitive inhibition may be separated from partial competitive inhibition.
In vitro, benactyzine binds to muscarinic receptors with high affinity, displacing radiolabelled antagonists like [³H]‑quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) from brain membrane preparations. It also inhibits butyrylcholinesterase activity, with a Ki of 0.010 mM, as measured by the Ellman's colorimetric assay. Its antagonistic action is demonstrated by its ability to block acetylcholine‑induced contractions in isolated smooth muscle preparations, such as the guinea pig ileum. The compound shows no significant activity at other receptor types at relevant concentrations. |
| ln Vivo |
The effects of benatrizine hydrochloride (1 mg/kg) on attentional responses were not noted. While acetylcholine-induced salivation is marginally reduced, the duration of the exploratory motor response is increased by benatrizine hydrochloride. Promazine and benatrizine hydrochloride almost completely reduce emotional reactions while having no effect on brain electrical epileptic seizure activity triggered by acetylcholine. Benazepam hydrochloride did not prevent emotional responses, but high dosages of promazine and imipramine did. Research suggests that benatirazine hydrochloride, promazine, and imipramine all have distinct effects on the autonomic effects of serotonin. The salivation phase brought on by a serotonin injection into the amygdala is inhibited and shortened by promazine, particularly benatizine hydrochloride [2].
In vivo, benactyzine was used clinically as an antispasmodic to relieve gastrointestinal and urinary tract spasms, and as an antidepressant to treat depressive disorders with anxiety. It produced sedation and reduced anxiety in patients. However, its effectiveness was limited, and the side effect profile (dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation) was problematic. In animal models, it produced central anticholinergic effects such as decreased locomotor activity and amnesia. Its use has been discontinued in most countries due to availability of safer alternatives. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro receptor binding assay for benactyzine involves measuring its affinity for muscarinic acetylcholine receptors using radioligand binding. Rat brain homogenates (rich in muscarinic receptors) are incubated with [³H]‑QNB (a non‑selective muscarinic antagonist) and varying concentrations of benactyzine. After incubation, bound radioactivity is separated by filtration and counted. The Ki is determined from competition curves. For BChE inhibition, the Ellman's method is used: BChE enzyme, substrate (acetylthiocholine), and DTNB (5,5′‑dithiobis‑2‑nitrobenzoic acid) are incubated with benactyzine, and the yellow colour produced by thiocholine is measured at 412 nm. The IC₅₀ is calculated.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for benactyzine are performed on cells expressing muscarinic receptors, such as CHO cells transfected with M1 receptors. The functional antagonism is measured by its ability to block acetylcholine‑induced intracellular calcium mobilisation. Cells are loaded with a calcium‑sensitive dye (e.g., Fluo‑4) and stimulated with acetylcholine in the presence of benactyzine. The reduction in fluorescence signal is quantified. The IC₅₀ for inhibition of the calcium response is determined. Alternatively, its effect on cAMP accumulation via M2 receptors can be measured.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for benactyzine were historically conducted to study its antispasmodic and antidepressant effects. For antispasmodic activity, the compound was tested in animal models of intestinal motility, such as the charcoal meal test in mice, where it reduced gastrointestinal transit. For antidepressant activity, the forced swim test and tail suspension test in rodents were used, where benactyzine reduced immobility time. Its central anticholinergic effects were assessed by measuring its ability to antagonise oxotremorine‑induced tremor and salivation in mice. These models provided evidence for its efficacy and dose‑response relationships.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of benactyzine are not extensively detailed in the literature. As a lipophilic tertiary amine, it is expected to be well‑absorbed after oral administration and to readily cross the blood‑brain barrier. Peak plasma concentrations likely occur within 1–2 hours. It is metabolised in the liver, likely by cytochrome P450 enzymes, and excreted in urine. Its half‑life is estimated to be several hours, but specific values are lacking. Due to its anticholinergic nature, it has a large volume of distribution. The compound is soluble in water (14.9 g/100 mL at 25 °C) and practically insoluble in ether.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Benactyzine, like other anticholinergic agents, exhibits significant toxicity due to its blockade of muscarinic receptors. Common adverse effects include dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, and confusion. Central nervous system effects include drowsiness, dizziness, and memory impairment, particularly in elderly patients. Overdose can lead to severe anticholinergic syndrome characterised by delirium, hallucinations, hyperthermia, and coma. It is contraindicated in patients with glaucoma, prostatic hypertrophy, and paralytic ileus. Chronic use may lead to cognitive decline.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Benazine is a centrally acting muscarinic receptor antagonist. It has been used to treat depression and to study the effects of the cholinergic system on behavior.
Benactyzine hydrochloride was introduced as an anxiolytic and antidepressant under the brand name "Suavitil" in the 1950s. It was also marketed as "Deprol" in combination with meprobamate. Its use declined with the advent of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It is now rarely used therapeutically but serves as a research tool for studying cholinergic neurotransmission and as a reference compound in anticholinergic studies. It is also known by synonyms including EA‑2092, Phebex, and Phobex. The compound is a controlled substance in some jurisdictions due to its potential for abuse. |
| Molecular Formula |
C20H26CLNO3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
363.8783
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| Exact Mass |
363.16
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| CAS # |
57-37-4
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| PubChem CID |
66448
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.115g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
409.3ºC at 760mmHg
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| Melting Point |
177-179 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
201.4ºC
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| LogP |
3.609
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
9
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| Heavy Atom Count |
25
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| Complexity |
351
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
ZCEHOOLYWQBGQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C20H25NO3.ClH/c1-3-21(4-2)15-16-24-19(22)20(23,17-11-7-5-8-12-17)18-13-9-6-10-14-18;/h5-14,23H,3-4,15-16H2,1-2H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
2-(diethylamino)ethyl 2-hydroxy-2,2-diphenylacetate;hydrochloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~150 mg/mL (~412.22 mM)
H2O : ~50 mg/mL (~137.41 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 25 mg/mL (68.70 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with sonication.
(Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.7482 mL | 13.7408 mL | 27.4816 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5496 mL | 2.7482 mL | 5.4963 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2748 mL | 1.3741 mL | 2.7482 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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