| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Azure B primarily targets monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), an enzyme involved in the degradation of monoamine neurotransmitters. It acts as a high-potency, selective, and reversible inhibitor of MAO-A with an IC50 of 11 nM. The compound shows much lower affinity for MAO-B (IC50 = 968 nM), demonstrating selectivity for MAO-A. By inhibiting MAO-A, Azure B modulates neurotransmitter levels. The compound is also known as a metabolite of Methylene blue.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, Azure B functions as a potent, selective, and reversible inhibitor of MAO-A (IC50 = 11 nM) with weaker activity against MAO-B (IC50 = 968 nM). Its activity is typically measured using enzyme activity assays with recombinant human MAO-A and MAO-B. The compound is also used as a cationic dye in staining applications. Its selectivity for MAO-A over MAO-B makes it a valuable tool for studying MAO-A function.
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| ln Vivo |
Azure B (4-30 mg/kg; i.p.; once) decreases immobility in the forced swim test (FST) [1].
In vivo, Azure B has been studied as a metabolite of Methylene blue. Its MAO-A inhibitory activity suggests potential effects on neurotransmitter metabolism. The compound is used as a USP reference standard for quality control applications. Its in vivo effects are related to its role as a Methylene blue metabolite. The compound's staining properties make it useful for diagnostic applications. |
| Enzyme Assay |
The cell-free assay for Azure B involves measuring its inhibitory activity against MAO-A and MAO-B. Enzyme activity is monitored by measuring the production of hydrogen peroxide or the oxidation of a substrate. Inhibition is assessed by incubating MAO-A or MAO-B with varying concentrations of Azure B and measuring residual activity. IC50 values are determined from dose-response curves. Selectivity is evaluated by comparing IC50 values for MAO-A and MAO-B.
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| Cell Assay |
For in vitro cellular assays, Azure B is typically dissolved in appropriate buffers and diluted in cell culture medium. Cells expressing MAO-A or MAO-B are treated with various concentrations of the compound. Monoamine oxidase activity in cell lysates is measured using fluorometric or colorimetric assays. The compound's effects on neurotransmitter levels can be assessed. Cell viability is evaluated to determine any cytotoxic effects.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Azure B are limited, as the compound is primarily used as a dye and reference standard. Studies may investigate its role as a Methylene blue metabolite. Its MAO-A inhibitory activity may be relevant in the context of Methylene blue pharmacology. Standard toxicology studies would include assessment of acute and sub-chronic toxicity. The compound is not intended for therapeutic use.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of Azure B include a molecular weight of 305.83 g/mol and molecular formula C15H16ClN3S. As a cationic dye, it has distinct solubility and distribution properties. The compound is a major metabolite of Methylene blue, so its pharmacokinetics are related to Methylene blue metabolism. It is typically stored as a solid at appropriate conditions. The compound is used as a reference standard for analytical applications.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicity profile of Azure B is related to its use as a dye and Methylene blue metabolite. Methylene blue and its metabolites have well-characterized safety profiles. The compound is used as a USP reference standard for quality control applications. Standard safety precautions should be followed when handling this compound. It is intended for research and analytical use only, not for therapeutic applications.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Azure B is an organochlorine salt with the counterion 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazine-5-onium. It is used to prepare azure eosin staining agent for blood smears and is also an active metabolite of methylene blue. Azure B can be used as a histological dye, fluorescent dye, drug metabolite, EC 3.1.1.8 (cholinesterase) inhibitor, EC 1.4.3.4 (monoamine oxidase) inhibitor, cardioprotective agent, and antidepressant. Its structure contains 3-(dimethylamino)-7-(methylamino)phenothiazine-5-onium.
Azure B is a cationic dye and the major metabolite of Methylene blue. It is a high-potency, selective, and reversible MAO-A inhibitor (IC50 = 11 nM) with weaker activity against MAO-B (IC50 = 968 nM). Azure B is used in making Azure eosin stains for blood smear staining and as a USP reference standard. The compound is a research and analytical tool, not a therapeutic agent. |
| Molecular Formula |
C15H16CLN3S
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
305.8256
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| Exact Mass |
305.075
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| CAS # |
531-55-5
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| PubChem CID |
68275
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| Appearance |
Solid powder
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| Melting Point |
205-210 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
20
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| Complexity |
498
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
DNDJEIWCTMMZBX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C15H15N3S.ClH/c1-16-10-4-6-12-14(8-10)19-15-9-11(18(2)3)5-7-13(15)17-12;/h4-9H,1-3H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
dimethyl-[7-(methylamino)phenothiazin-3-ylidene]azanium;chloride
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~10 mg/mL (~32.70 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 1 mg/mL (3.27 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 1 mg/mL (3.27 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.2698 mL | 16.3490 mL | 32.6979 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.6540 mL | 3.2698 mL | 6.5396 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3270 mL | 1.6349 mL | 3.2698 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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