| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 1mg |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Targets |
Arenobufagin targets multiple pathways involved in cancer cell survival and proliferation. It inhibits Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. It also modulates MAPK signaling, leading to apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Arenobufagin inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced viability, migration, invasion, and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). It is also a VEGFR2 inhibitor.
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| ln Vitro |
In vitro, arenobufagin inhibits the growth of HCC HepG2 cells as well as corresponding multidrug-resistant HepG2/ADM cells. It inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced viability, migration, invasion, and tube formation in HUVECs. Arenobufagin induces apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through indirect inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo, arenobufagin inhibits the growth of HepG2/ADM xenograft tumors. This is associated with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage, light chain 3-II activation, and mTOR inhibition. These findings demonstrate the compound's in vivo antineoplastic activity against hepatocellular carcinoma. However, arenobufagin is also cardiotoxic, inhibiting cardiovascular Na⁺/K⁺ pumps.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro enzyme/receptor binding assays for arenobufagin include measurement of its ability to inhibit Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase activity and VEGFR2. These cell-free assays use purified enzymes and measure the reduction in enzyme activity. The compound's inhibitory potency is determined from these assays. Its effects on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling are typically assessed in cellular systems rather than cell-free assays.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for arenobufagin assess its antiproliferative, pro-apoptotic, and anti-angiogenic effects. Hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2 and HepG2/ADM) are treated with arenobufagin, and cell viability, apoptosis, and autophagy are assessed. HUVECs are used to assess anti-angiogenic effects, including inhibition of VEGF-induced viability, migration, invasion, and tube formation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for arenobufagin have been conducted in mouse xenograft models using HepG2/ADM cells. Tumor-bearing mice are treated with arenobufagin, and tumor growth is monitored. Markers of apoptosis (PARP cleavage), autophagy (LC3-II activation), and mTOR inhibition are assessed in tumor tissues. These studies demonstrate the compound's in vivo antitumor efficacy.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Specific pharmacokinetic data for arenobufagin are not extensively detailed in the available literature. As a natural product, its oral bioavailability may be limited. However, its in vivo efficacy in xenograft models suggests that it reaches sufficient systemic concentrations to exert its effects. The compound's pharmacokinetic properties would be important for its development as a therapeutic agent.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Arenobufagin exhibits cardiotoxicity, inhibiting cardiovascular Na⁺/K⁺ pumps. This is a significant safety concern for its therapeutic use. Its toxicity profile is related to its mechanism of action, particularly its inhibition of Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase. Preclinical toxicology studies would be required to assess its safety margin. The compound is intended for research use only.
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| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Bufalin is a steroidal lactone. Functionally, it is associated with bufotoxin. It has been reported to exist in the African toad (Bufo gargarizans), the African toad (Bufo bufo), and other organisms with relevant data.
Arenobufagin is a natural bufadienolide from toad venom with potent antineoplastic activity. It induces apoptosis and autophagy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells through inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. It also inhibits angiogenesis. However, arenobufagin is cardiotoxic, inhibiting cardiovascular Na⁺/K⁺ pumps. It is a research compound for studying anticancer mechanisms and is not approved for clinical use. |
| Molecular Formula |
C24H32O6
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
416.5073
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| Exact Mass |
416.219
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| CAS # |
464-74-4
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| PubChem CID |
12305198
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| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
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| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
637.2±55.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
219.3±25.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±4.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.622
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| LogP |
0.8
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
3
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
6
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
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| Heavy Atom Count |
30
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| Complexity |
847
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
9
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| SMILES |
C[C@]12CC[C@@H](C[C@H]1CC[C@@H]3[C@@H]2[C@@H](C(=O)[C@]4([C@@]3(CC[C@@H]4C5=COC(=O)C=C5)O)C)O)O
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| InChi Key |
JGDCRWYOMWSTFC-AZGSIFHYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C24H32O6/c1-22-9-7-15(25)11-14(22)4-5-17-19(22)20(27)21(28)23(2)16(8-10-24(17,23)29)13-3-6-18(26)30-12-13/h3,6,12,14-17,19-20,25,27,29H,4-5,7-11H2,1-2H3/t14-,15+,16-,17-,19-,20+,22+,23+,24+/m1/s1
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| Chemical Name |
5-[(3S,5R,8R,9S,10S,11S,13R,14S,17R)-3,11,14-trihydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-12-oxo-2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,11,15,16,17-dodecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl]pyran-2-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~240.09 mM)
Ethanol : ~10 mg/mL (~24.01 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (15.01 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 62.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (15.01 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 62.5 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 6.25 mg/mL (15.01 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: ≥ 1 mg/mL (2.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 5: ≥ 1 mg/mL (2.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 6: ≥ 1 mg/mL (2.40 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.4009 mL | 12.0045 mL | 24.0090 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.4802 mL | 2.4009 mL | 4.8018 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2401 mL | 1.2005 mL | 2.4009 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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