| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 5mg |
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| 10mg |
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| Targets |
The primary molecular target of Antifungal agent 1 is the fungal cell, although the specific molecular target has not been definitively identified. As a carbazole-1,4-dione derivative, its mechanism of action is believed to involve disruption of essential cellular processes in fungi, potentially through interference with mitochondrial function or cell wall synthesis. The compound's potent antifungal activity against multiple Candida species, including C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. krusei, as well as C. neoformans, suggests a broad-spectrum mechanism that may target a conserved pathway or structure in fungal pathogens. Further research is needed to elucidate its precise molecular target and mechanism of action.
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| ln Vitro |
Antifungal agent 1 had an effective inhibitory impact on Candida albicans, Candida tropicalis, Candida krusei, and Candida neoformans, with MIC values of 6.3, 25.0, 12.5, and 25.0 μg/mL respectively [1].
Antifungal agent 1 demonstrates potent in vitro activity against a panel of clinically significant fungal pathogens. It exhibits effective inhibitory impact on Candida albicans with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 6.3 μg/mL, on Candida tropicalis with an MIC of 25.0 μg/mL, on Candida krusei with an MIC of 12.5 μg/mL, and on Candida neoformans with an MIC of 25.0 μg/mL. These MIC values indicate that the compound is particularly potent against C. albicans, the most common cause of fungal infections in humans, while maintaining significant activity against other clinically relevant species. The compound's broad-spectrum activity makes it a valuable candidate for antifungal drug discovery and development. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo activity data for Antifungal agent 1 are not extensively documented in the available literature. As a research compound, its in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties would need to be evaluated in appropriate animal models of fungal infection. Based on its potent in vitro activity, the compound is expected to exhibit antifungal efficacy in vivo, particularly against C. albicans infections. However, further studies are required to confirm its in vivo activity, determine its therapeutic index, and assess its potential for clinical development.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro susceptibility testing for Antifungal agent 1 is performed using standard broth microdilution or agar dilution methods according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. The compound is dissolved in a suitable solvent, typically DMSO, and then serially diluted in fungal growth medium (e.g., RPMI 1640 or Mueller-Hinton broth). A standardized fungal inoculum (typically 0.5-2.5 × 10³ CFU/mL) is added to each well containing the compound, and the plates are incubated at 35-37°C for 24-48 hours. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined as the lowest concentration of the compound that inhibits visible fungal growth. The assay can be performed in 96-well microtiter plates for high-throughput screening.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Antifungal agent 1 are not typically performed, as the compound's target is fungal, not mammalian, cells. However, cytotoxicity assays can be performed to evaluate its safety profile. Mammalian cell lines (e.g., HEK293, HepG2, or primary human fibroblasts) are treated with varying concentrations of the compound for 24-72 hours. Cell viability is then measured using a colorimetric assay such as MTT, CCK-8, or resazurin reduction. The concentration that reduces cell viability by 50% (IC₅₀) is calculated. These assays help to determine the compound's selectivity index (SI = IC₅₀ / MIC), which is a key parameter for assessing its therapeutic potential.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for Antifungal agent 1 are typically conducted in murine models of systemic or mucosal candidiasis. A common model is the intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of a lethal dose of C. albicans into immunocompetent or immunocompromised mice. The compound is administered via oral gavage, intraperitoneal injection, or intravenous injection, typically starting 1-2 hours post-infection and continuing for several days. Endpoints include survival rate, fungal burden in target organs (e.g., kidneys, liver, spleen) determined by colony counting, and histopathological examination of tissues. These studies are essential for evaluating the compound's in vivo efficacy and pharmacokinetic properties.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
The pharmacokinetic properties of Antifungal agent 1 have been characterized to support its use in preclinical studies. The compound has a molecular weight of 352.77 g/mol and is soluble in DMSO at concentrations up to ~100 mg/mL. For in vivo administration, it can be formulated as a suspension in 10% DMSO, 40% PEG300, 5% Tween-80, and 45% saline at a concentration of 2.5 mg/mL. Alternatively, it can be formulated in 10% DMSO and 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in saline). The compound is stable as a powder at -20°C for up to three years and in solution at -80°C for up to six months. Detailed pharmacokinetic parameters, such as half-life, clearance, and oral bioavailability, are not specified in the available sources.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
The toxicological profile of Antifungal agent 1 is not extensively documented in publicly available sources. As a research compound, its safety profile would be evaluated in preclinical studies, including general toxicity, genotoxicity, and organ-specific toxicity assessments. The compound's selectivity for fungal cells over mammalian cells is an important factor in its therapeutic potential. For laboratory handling, standard safety precautions for research chemicals should be observed, including the use of personal protective equipment (gloves, lab coat, safety goggles) and working in a well-ventilated area. The compound is intended for research use only and is not for human therapeutic or diagnostic use.
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| References |
[1]. Ryu CK, et al. Synthesis and antifungal evaluation of 6-hydroxy-1H-carbazole-1,4(9H)-diones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2011 Jan 1;21(1):427-30.
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| Additional Infomation |
Antifungal agent 1 is a research-grade compound with the catalog number V33373 and a purity of ≥98%. It is also known as antifungal compound/agent 1. The compound was first described in the literature by Ryu CK, et al. in Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2011). It has a molecular formula of C₁₉H₁₃ClN₂O₃ and a molecular weight of 352.77 g/mol. The compound is supplied as a light brown to black solid powder. It is soluble in DMSO at ~100 mg/mL and can be formulated for in vivo administration. Antifungal agent 1 is a valuable tool for studying antifungal drug discovery and the biology of fungal pathogens.
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| Molecular Formula |
C19H13CLN2O3
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| Molecular Weight |
352.77112364769
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| Exact Mass |
352.061
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| CAS # |
1265166-14-0
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| PubChem CID |
131704488
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| Appearance |
Light brown to black solid powder
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| LogP |
3.9
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
25
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| Complexity |
600
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
CN1C2=C(C=C(C=C2)O)C3=C1C(=O)C=C(C3=O)NC4=CC=C(C=C4)Cl
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| InChi Key |
QUAFTMJUVQDZHE-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C19H13ClN2O3/c1-22-15-7-6-12(23)8-13(15)17-18(22)16(24)9-14(19(17)25)21-11-4-2-10(20)3-5-11/h2-9,21,23H,1H3
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| Chemical Name |
3-(4-chloroanilino)-6-hydroxy-9-methylcarbazole-1,4-dione
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~283.47 mM）
H2O : < 0.1 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (7.09 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 2.5 mg/mL (7.09 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.8347 mL | 14.1735 mL | 28.3471 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5669 mL | 2.8347 mL | 5.6694 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2835 mL | 1.4174 mL | 2.8347 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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