| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250mg |
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| 500mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Anthralin does not have a well-defined pharmacological target. Its mechanism of action is unknown. It is a potent reducing agent. Its therapeutic effect in psoriasis is related to its ability to reduce DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the hyperplastic epidermis, restoring a normal rate of cell proliferation and keratinization. It also has anti-inflammatory properties.
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|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
Half of the T98G cell replication is inhibited by dithranol (1.1 μM) [2]. In HaCaT cells, dithranol (0.1-0.5 μg/mL; 2-4 hours) stimulates the synthesis of interleukin-10 mRNA in a concentration-regulated manner [3].
In vitro, anthralin reduces DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in hyperplastic epidermal cells. Its effects on cell proliferation and keratinization have been demonstrated in cell culture models. It is a potent reducing agent. These in vitro activities are consistent with its therapeutic effects in psoriasis. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, anthralin is used topically for the treatment of stable plaque psoriasis of the skin and scalp. It controls skin growth by restoring a normal rate of cell proliferation and keratinization. It is also used in the management of alopecia areata. Its topical application minimizes systemic absorption and side effects.
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| Enzyme Assay |
The in vitro assays for anthralin typically measure its effects on cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in keratinocytes or other epidermal cells. Cells are treated with anthralin, and DNA synthesis is measured by thymidine incorporation. Its effects on cell cycle progression and keratinization are also assessed. These assays provide a measure of the compound's activity.
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| Cell Assay |
RT-PCR[3]
Cell Types: HaCaT cells Tested Concentrations: 0.1 μg/mL, 0.25 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL Incubation Duration: 2 hrs (hours), 4 hrs (hours) Experimental Results: Increased mRNA production of IL-10 receptor in HaCaT cells. . In vitro cellular assays for anthralin assess its effects on keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation. Keratinocytes are treated with anthralin, and cell proliferation, DNA synthesis, and markers of differentiation are measured. These assays demonstrate the compound's functional activity in a relevant cellular context. |
| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for anthralin have been conducted in animal models of psoriasis to evaluate its efficacy. However, its clinical efficacy has been established in human use for psoriasis. It is available as a topical medication for the treatment of psoriasis.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
Anthrarobin penetrates impaired skin and psoriatic lesions at a higher rate and extent than in normal skin, likely due to the rich vascularity of psoriatic lesions. Metabolisms/Metabolites Anthrarobin is a topical medication. Although the extent of systemic absorption following topical application has not been determined, no Anthrarobin metabolites were detected in the urine of subjects in a limited clinical study of Anthrarobin cream. Anthrarobin does not inhibit hepatic microsomal enzyme activity. Anthralin is applied topically and is minimally absorbed through the skin. Its pharmacokinetic properties are characterized by its local action. When absorbed, it is metabolized in the skin and liver and excreted in urine and feces. Its systemic exposure is low, which minimizes the risk of systemic side effects. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Effects During Pregnancy and Lactation
◉ Overview of Use During Lactation No studies have been conducted on topical anthralin during lactation. Anthralin is suspected to be mutagenic and should only be used if the potential benefit to the mother outweighs the potential risk to the infant. If using anthralin, ensure that the infant's skin does not come into direct contact with the mother's treated skin area and that the infant does not ingest the product from the mother's skin. ◉ Effects on Breastfed Infants No published information found as of the revision date. ◉ Effects on Lactation and Breast Milk No published information found as of the revision date. Anthralin is generally well-tolerated when used topically. Common adverse effects include local skin irritation, redness, and staining of the skin and clothing. It can cause folliculitis and contact dermatitis. It should be used with caution on sensitive skin. Its safety has been established through long-term clinical use. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Pharmacodynamics
Anthralin is a natural Anthrarobin derivative with anti-psoriatic and anti-inflammatory effects. It controls skin growth by reducing DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the proliferating epidermis, thus normalizing cell proliferation and keratinization rates. Anthralin (dithranol) is a natural anthraquinone derivative used for the treatment of psoriasis. It reduces DNA synthesis and mitotic activity in the hyperplastic epidermis. Its mechanism of action is unknown. It is available as a topical medication for the treatment of psoriasis and alopecia areata. |
| Molecular Formula |
C14H10O3
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
226.2274
|
| Exact Mass |
226.062
|
| CAS # |
1143-38-0
|
| PubChem CID |
2202
|
| Appearance |
Yellow to orange solid powder
|
| Density |
1.4±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
464.1±45.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
178-181 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
248.6±25.2 °C
|
| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±1.2 mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.710
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| LogP |
4.16
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
0
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
17
|
| Complexity |
287
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| InChi Key |
NUZWLKWWNNJHPT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C14H10O3/c15-10-5-1-3-8-7-9-4-2-6-11(16)13(9)14(17)12(8)10/h1-6,15-16H,7H2
|
| Chemical Name |
1,8-dihydroxy-10H-anthracen-9-one
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~12.5 mg/mL (~55.25 mM)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 1 mg/mL (4.42 mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: 1 mg/mL (4.42 mM) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with ultrasonication. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 10.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 1 mg/mL (4.42 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.4203 mL | 22.1014 mL | 44.2028 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8841 mL | 4.4203 mL | 8.8406 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4420 mL | 2.2101 mL | 4.4203 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
| NCT Number | Recruitment | interventions | Conditions | Sponsor/Collaborators | Start Date | Phases |
| NCT03348462 | Completed | Drug: ethosomal preparation of anthralin Drug: liposomal preparation of anthralin |
Psoriasis Vulgaris | Assiut University | 2017-11-30 | Phase 4 |
| NCT02752672 | Completed | Psoriasis | Medical University of Graz | 2016-03 | ||
| NCT01429870 | Withdrawn | Drug: Steroid active treatment | Psoriasis | University of Zurich | 2011-08 | Phase 4 |
| NCT04133506 | Active, not recruiting | Drug: Aspirin 300mg | Eczema | NHS Lothian | 2021-11-04 | |
| NCT01903317 | Withdrawn | Other: Topical Therapy Other: Phototherapy and Systemic Therapy Other: Biologic Therapy |
Psoriasis | University of California, Irvine | 2013-06 |
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