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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Anethole does not have a single defined molecular target. It blocks neuronal excitability. It may inhibit enzymes that break down proteins in the extracellular matrix and can cause tissue damage. Its pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects, are mediated through multiple mechanisms. It is a naturally occurring compound with diverse biological activities.
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| ln Vitro |
Anethole possesses various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. It blocks neuronal excitability. Its activity has been confirmed in various in vitro studies. As a natural product, it has been used in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. It is also used as a flavoring agent and fragrance.
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| ln Vivo |
Anethole is found in various plants, including anise, fennel, and star anise. It possesses various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. It has been used in traditional medicine and is being studied for its potential therapeutic applications. It is also used as a flavoring agent and fragrance.
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| Enzyme Assay |
Anethole does not have a typical enzyme/receptor binding assay. Its activity is assessed based on its effects on inflammation, microbial growth, and oxidative stress. Its anti-inflammatory activity can be assessed by measuring its effects on cytokine production or NF-κB activation. Its antimicrobial activity is assessed by measuring its effects on bacterial or fungal growth.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular experiments for Anethole involve treating cells with the compound and measuring its effects on inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and cell viability. Its effects on cytokine production are measured by ELISA. Its antioxidant activity is assessed by measuring its ability to scavenge free radicals or reduce oxidative stress markers.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments for Anethole are not extensively detailed in the available literature. As a natural product, it could be evaluated in animal models of inflammation, infection, or oxidative stress. Its effects on disease progression and inflammatory markers would be assessed.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
/ Biotransformation of Anethole / ...Anethole acid ... is the main urinary metabolite. ... Quantitative recovery is possible with the administered dose. Trans-anethole is one of four food additives studied and found to be absorbed primarily from the digestive tract via passive diffusion. Absorption kinetics depend in part on the differences in the compound's lipid solubility coefficient. ...Trans-anethole used in the preparation of anise-flavored alcoholic beverages was studied in rabbits and rats after intravenous and oral administration. Regardless of the route of administration, the substance was rapidly excreted from the animals. After intravenous injection, the substance was mainly concentrated in the liver, lungs, and brain tissue; after oral administration, most of the substance remained in the stomach. Trans-anethole is one of the compounds mainly absorbed from the digestive tract via passive diffusion. Metabolites of anethole in rats have been identified and determined. Most urinary metabolites were also detected in bile. Metabolism/Metabolites Anethole generates p-propenylphenol in rabbits, mice, guinea pigs, and dogs. Anethole is converted to p-propenylphenol in rats. (Data from table) Anethole is converted to anisic acid in humans, rabbits, and rats. Anethole is converted to p-methoxycinnamoyl alcohol in rats. Oxidative demethylation to produce p-hydroxypropenylbenzene and p-hydroxycinnamoyl acid is the main biotransformation pathway of anethole. Compared with allyl compounds, cinnamoyl derivatives with propenyl substituents undergo more extensive metabolism; and β-oxidative metabolism also occurs. Anethole has a molecular weight of 148.20 and a molecular formula of C10H12O. It is a white crystalline solid or liquid with a melting point of 22.5°C and a boiling point of 235°C. It is slightly soluble in water. It is found in various plants, including anise, fennel, and star anise. It is primarily used as a flavoring agent and fragrance. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Interactions
Mice treated with 50 mg/kg sodium pentobarbital experienced approximately double the average sleep time compared to those treated with 20 and 50 mg of certain compounds; the effect of anethole was less pronounced. Anethole is generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for use as a flavoring agent and fragrance. It has low toxicity. However, high doses may cause skin irritation or allergic reactions. Its safety has been established for use in food and cosmetic products. |
| References |
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| Additional Infomation |
Anethole is a white crystalline or liquid substance with the aroma and sweet taste of anise oil. (NTP, 1992)
Anethole is a monomethoxybenzene, meaning that the methoxybenzene is substituted at the 4-position with a prop-1-en-1-yl group. It is a plant metabolite. Anethole has been reported to exist in plants of the genera Malus, Asarum, and other organisms with relevant data. Anethole is a metabolite found or produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Anethole is a naturally occurring aromatic compound found in essential oils of plants like anise, fennel, and star anise. It possesses various pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Anethole is primarily recognized for its role as a flavoring agent and fragrance. It has a molecular formula of C10H12O and a molecular weight of 148.20. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H12O
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
148.21
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| Exact Mass |
148.088
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| CAS # |
104-46-1
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| Related CAS # |
Anethole trithione;532-11-6
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| PubChem CID |
637563
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| Appearance |
Colorless to off-white <20°C powder,>21°C liquid
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| Density |
1.0±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
237.5±9.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
70.4 °F (NTP, 1992)
; 21.3 °C
; Liquid Molar Volume = 0.1507 cu m/kmol; Heat of Fusion @ Melting Point = 1.60E+7 J/kmol
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| Flash Point |
90.6±0.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.1±0.5 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.545
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| LogP |
3.17
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
0
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
1
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
11
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| Complexity |
121
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O(C([H])([H])[H])C1C([H])=C([H])C(C([H])=C([H])C([H])([H])[H])=C([H])C=1[H]
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| InChi Key |
RUVINXPYWBROJD-ONEGZZNKSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12O/c1-3-4-9-5-7-10(11-2)8-6-9/h3-8H,1-2H3/b4-3+
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| Chemical Name |
1-methoxy-4-[(E)-prop-1-enyl]benzene
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| Synonyms |
AI3 00380; AI3-00380; Anethole
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ≥ 250 mg/mL (~1686.91 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (16.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 6.7472 mL | 33.7359 mL | 67.4718 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.3494 mL | 6.7472 mL | 13.4944 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.6747 mL | 3.3736 mL | 6.7472 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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