In vascular smooth muscle cells, interleukin-1β-stimulated nitrite generation is dose-dependently inhibited by aldosterone (1–1000 nM; 24 hours) [3]

Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular systolic blood pressure (LVSP), and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) are all markedly increased by aldosterone (1 mg/Kg + 1% NaCl; ih; once daily for 3 weeks) [4]. In male mice, aldosterone (0.72 mg/kg/day; 14 days) slightly raises blood pressure (14 mmHg) [5].

Animal/Disease Models: Forty male Wistar rats[4]
Doses: 1 mg/Kg (+1% NaCl)
Route of Administration: ih; one time/day for 3 weeks
Experimental Results: Systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP) and left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) were Dramatically higher in aldosterone-salt-treated animals.

[1]. Nanba K, et al. Aging and Adrenal Aldosterone Production. Hypertension. 2018 Feb;71(2):218-223.
[2]. Cannavo A, et al. Aldosterone and Mineralocorticoid Receptor System in Cardiovascular Physiology and Pathophysiology. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018 Sep 19;2018:1204598.
[3]. Ikeda U, et al. Aldosterone inhibits nitric oxide synthesis in rat vascular smooth muscle cells induced by interleukin-1 beta. Eur J Pharmacol. 1995 Jul 18;290(2):69-73.
[4]. Martín-Fernández B, et al. Beneficial effects of proanthocyanidins in the cardiac alterations induced by aldosterone in ratheart through mineralocorticoid receptor blockade. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 29;9(10):e111104.
[5]. Dinh QN, et al. Aldosterone-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in the brain are mediated by the endothelial cell mineralocorticoid receptor. Brain Res. 2016 Apr 15;1637:146-153.

Aldosterone is a pregnane steroid hormone secreted by the outer layer of the adrenal cortex (zona glomerulosa). It acts on the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts of the kidneys, promoting sodium reabsorption, potassium excretion, water retention, and increased blood pressure. The overall function of aldosterone is to increase the reabsorption of ions and water by the kidneys. It is a metabolite in both humans and mice. Aldosterone is a 11β-hydroxysteroid, 21-hydroxysteroid, 18-oxosteroid, 20-oxosteroid, C21-steroid hormone, steroidal aldehyde, 3-oxo-Δ4 steroid, primary α-hydroxyketone, and mineralocorticoid. It is derived from the hydrogenation of pregnane.
A hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex, it regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing the renal reabsorption of sodium and potassium excretion.
Aldosterone is present in or produced by Escherichia coli (K12 strain, MG1655 strain).
There are reports and data regarding the presence of aldosterone in the human body.
Aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid hormone synthesized by aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) in the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone binds to the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR; NR3C2), forming the MR-aldosterone complex, which regulates gene expression involved in sodium retention, potassium secretion, and water reabsorption, all of which may contribute to elevated blood pressure.
Aldosterone is a hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates electrolyte and water balance by increasing renal sodium retention and potassium excretion.

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Pharmacodynamics
In the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct, aldosterone mainly plays two roles: 1) Aldosterone acts on the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) on the chief cells of the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, increasing the permeability of its apical membrane (luminal side) to potassium and sodium, and activating the Na+/K+ pump on its basolateral membrane, stimulating ATP hydrolysis, leading to pump phosphorylation, and causing a conformational change in the pump, thereby exposing Na+. The aldosterone pump then expels the ions from the body.
The phosphorylated form of the aldosterone pump has a low affinity for sodium ions (Na+), thus reabsorbing sodium ions (Na+) and water back into the blood and secreting potassium ions (K+) into the urine; 2) Aldosterone stimulates intercalated cells in the collecting duct to secrete hydrogen ions (H+), regulating plasma bicarbonate (HCO3−) levels and its acid-base balance; 3) Aldosterone may act on the central nervous system through the posterior pituitary gland to release vasopressin (ADH), which retains water by directly acting on renal tubular reabsorption.

C21H28O5

360.44402

360.193

52-39-1

5839

White to off-white solid powder

1.3±0.1 g/cm3

568.1±50.0 °C at 760 mmHg

170-172ºC

311.4±26.6 °C

0.0±3.5 mmHg at 25°C

1.586

0.73

2

5

3

26

682

7

C[C@@]12CCC(=O)C=C2CC[C@H]3[C@@H]4CC[C@H](C(=O)CO)[C@]4(C[C@@H]([C@@H]31)O)C=O

PQSUYGKTWSAVDQ-ZVIOFETBSA-N

InChI=1S/C21H28O5/c1-20-7-6-13(24)8-12(20)2-3-14-15-4-5-16(18(26)10-22)21(15,11-23)9-17(25)19(14)20/h8,11,14-17,19,22,25H,2-7,9-10H2,1H3/t14-,15-,16+,17-,19+,20-,21+/m0/s1

(8S,9S,10R,11S,13R,14S,17S)-11-hydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10-methyl-3-oxo-1,2,6,7,8,9,11,12,14,15,16,17-dodecahydrocyclopenta[a]phenanthrene-13-carbaldehyde

2934.99.9001

Powder      -20°C    3 years

                     4°C     2 years

In solvent   -80°C    6 months

                  -20°C    1 month

Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)

DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~277.44 mM)
Ethanol : ~33.33 mg/mL (~92.47 mM)

Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.94 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.94 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.94 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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Solubility in Formulation 4: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.94 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL of normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL.
Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 5: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.94 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly.
Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution.

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Solubility in Formulation 6: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (6.94 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% EtOH + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear EtOH stock solution to 900 μL of corn oil and mix evenly.

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 (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.)