| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1g |
|
||
| 5g |
|
||
| Other Sizes |
| ln Vivo |
- Alleviation of anxiety-like behaviors: In a zebrafish model of chronic unpredictable stress (CUS), Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (referred to as Acetyl-L-carnitine/ALCAR in literature) was administered via water exposure at concentrations of 20 mg/L, 40 mg/L, and 80 mg/L for 14 days. The 40 mg/L and 80 mg/L groups showed significant improvement in anxiety-like behaviors: in the open field test, the time spent in the central area increased by 38% (40 mg/L) and 55% (80 mg/L) compared to the CUS vehicle group; in the light-dark box test, the time spent in the light area increased by 32% (40 mg/L) and 48% (80 mg/L) [1]
- Reduction of stress hormone level: Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (40 mg/L, 80 mg/L, 14 days water exposure) reduced the CUS-induced increase in whole-body cortisol level. The cortisol level in the 80 mg/L group was 42% lower than that in the CUS vehicle group, returning to a level comparable to the non-stressed control group [1] - Regulation of neurotransmitters and stress-related genes: Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride (80 mg/L) increased the level of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in zebrafish brains by 45% and dopamine (DA) by 38% compared to the CUS vehicle group. It also downregulated the mRNA expression of stress-related genes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: corticotropin-releasing hormone (crh) by 52% and glucocorticoid receptor (nr3c1) by 35% [1] |
|---|---|
| Animal Protocol |
- Zebrafish maintenance and stress model establishment: Adult zebrafish (AB strain, 6-8 months old) were maintained in a recirculating water system (28°C, 14 h light/10 h dark cycle). The chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model was established by exposing zebrafish to 6 stressors (temperature fluctuation: 18°C for 2 h, light deprivation for 12 h, crowding: 30 fish/L for 4 h, etc.) randomly once daily for 14 days [1]
- Grouping and drug administration: Zebrafish were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15 per group): non-stressed control group, CUS vehicle group, CUS + Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 20 mg/L group, CUS + Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 40 mg/L group, CUS + Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride 80 mg/L group. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride was dissolved in zebrafish water to the target concentrations, and administered via continuous water exposure for 14 days (coinciding with the CUS period); vehicle groups received normal water [1] - Behavioral testing: 1. Open field test: Each zebrafish was placed in a square tank (30×30×15 cm) filled with 1 L water, and its movement was recorded for 5 minutes. The time spent in the central area (10×10 cm) and total distance traveled were analyzed using video tracking software [1] 2. Light-dark box test: The tank was divided into light (2/3 volume, 1000 lux) and dark (1/3 volume, 5 lux) compartments. Zebrafish were placed in the dark compartment, and their movement was recorded for 5 minutes; the time spent in the light compartment was counted [1] - Cortisol and neurotransmitter detection: After behavioral testing, zebrafish were homogenized, and whole-body cortisol level was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Brain tissues were dissected, and 5-HT and DA levels were detected via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection [1] - Gene expression analysis: Total RNA was extracted from zebrafish hypothalamus tissues, reverse-transcribed into cDNA, and quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was performed using specific primers for crh, nr3c1, and β-actin (internal control). Relative mRNA expression levels were calculated using the 2⁻ΔΔCt method [1] |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride at concentrations of 20-80 mg/L (14 days of water exposure) did not cause death or abnormal morphological changes (such as fin damage or body curvature) in zebrafish. There was no significant difference in the total movement distance (an indicator of general activity ability) between the drug-treated group and the control group, indicating that the drug had no adverse effect on the locomotor function of zebrafish [1].
|
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is a nutritional supplement composed of the hydrochloride form of endogenous L-carnitine, with potential neuroprotective, cognitive-enhancing, antidepressant, and immunomodulatory effects. L-carnitine is responsible for transporting fatty acids to mitochondria for breakdown. It may also alleviate peripheral neuropathy caused by chemotherapy, diabetes, or other diseases. Furthermore, acetyl-L-carnitine may regulate immune responses by promoting T lymphocyte maturation and may downregulate pro-inflammatory cytokines against viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. It may also interfere with the ACE2 signaling pathway and inhibit the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Acetyl-L-carnitine is an acetate ester of carnitine that promotes the entry of acetyl-CoA into the mammalian mitochondrial matrix during fatty acid oxidation. Acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride is an endogenous molecule involved in fatty acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis. Its ability to alleviate stress-related behaviors in zebrafish may be related to the regulation of the HPA axis (reducing the expression of CRH and Nr3C1) and the enhancement of monoaminergic neurotransmission (increasing the levels of 5-HT and DA) [1] - The zebrafish chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model used in this study is widely used to simulate stress-related mental illnesses in humans (e.g., anxiety, depression). The positive effect of acetyl-L-carnitine hydrochloride in this model suggests its potential as a candidate drug for the treatment of such diseases [1]
|
| Molecular Formula |
C9H17NO4.HCL
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
239.69652
|
| Exact Mass |
239.092
|
| CAS # |
5080-50-2
|
| PubChem CID |
2733928
|
| Appearance |
White to off-white solid powder
|
| Melting Point |
194 °C (dec.)(lit.)
|
| Index of Refraction |
-28 ° (C=1, H2O)
|
| LogP |
0.901
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
5
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
6
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
15
|
| Complexity |
219
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
1
|
| SMILES |
CC(=O)O[C@H](CC(=O)O)C[N+](C)(C)C.[Cl-]
|
| InChi Key |
JATPLOXBFFRHDN-DDWIOCJRSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C9H17NO4.ClH/c1-7(11)14-8(5-9(12)13)6-10(2,3)4;/h8H,5-6H2,1-4H3;1H/t8-;/m1./s1
|
| Chemical Name |
[(2R)-2-acetyloxy-3-carboxypropyl]-trimethylazanium;chloride
|
| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
|
| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment, avoid exposure to moisture. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
H2O : ~100 mg/mL (~417.19 mM)
DMSO : ~31.25 mg/mL (~130.37 mM) |
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.68 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.68 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (8.68 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 4: 100 mg/mL (417.19 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 4.1719 mL | 20.8594 mL | 41.7188 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.8344 mL | 4.1719 mL | 8.3438 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.4172 mL | 2.0859 mL | 4.1719 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
Products are for research use only; We do not sell to patients
Copyright 2020 InvivoChem LLC | All Rights Reserved
