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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Acetosyringone targets the VirA/VirG two-component regulatory system in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The virA gene encodes a membrane-bound protein that senses Acetosyringone, a phenolic compound released by wounded plant cells. Upon binding Acetosyringone, VirA autophosphorylates and transfers the phosphate to VirG, a transcriptional activator. Phosphorylated VirG then stimulates the transcription of other vir genes, which are essential for the transfer of T-DNA into the plant cell. This mechanism is critical for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, a widely used technique in plant genetic engineering.
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| ln Vitro |
Acetosyringone, a phenolic substance derived from injured plant cells, stimulates the hydrolysis of additional vir genes by phosphorylating the VirA gene, which codes for membrane-bound cleavage, and activating the virG gene product [1]. The capacity of Agrobacterium Escherichia coli strains to effectively change Dunaliella algae [2].
In vitro, Acetosyringone is used to induce the expression of vir genes in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Its activity is typically measured by assessing the induction of vir gene expression using reporter gene assays or by measuring the efficiency of T-DNA transfer. Acetosyringone is also used in plant tissue culture to enhance transformation efficiency. These in vitro studies confirm Acetosyringone's role as a key signaling molecule in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. |
| ln Vivo |
In vivo, Acetosyringone is produced by wounded plant cells and acts as a signal for Agrobacterium tumefaciens. It plays a critical role in the natural infection process of Agrobacterium, as well as in laboratory-based plant transformation protocols. Acetosyringone is a research compound used in plant biology and genetic engineering to study plant-pathogen interactions and to improve the efficiency of plant transformation.
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| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro assays for Acetosyringone measure its ability to induce vir gene expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium cells are treated with varying concentrations of Acetosyringone, and the expression of vir genes (e.g., virB, virE) is measured by quantitative PCR or by using a reporter gene (e.g., lacZ or GFP) under the control of a vir promoter. The compound's ability to induce vir gene expression is assessed, and the optimal concentration for induction is determined.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cell-based assays for Acetosyringone are used to study its effects on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Agrobacterium cells are treated with Acetosyringone, and the expression of vir genes is measured. The efficiency of T-DNA transfer can be assessed by co-cultivating Agrobacterium with plant cells and measuring the frequency of transformation. These assays confirm the compound's role as a signaling molecule in Agrobacterium-mediated transformation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal experiments are not applicable for Acetosyringone, as it is a plant signaling molecule used in plant biology research. It is not used in animal models. Its effects are studied in the context of plant-pathogen interactions and plant genetic engineering.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Acetosyringone has a molecular weight of 196.20 g/mol and a molecular formula of C10H12O4. It has a CAS number of 2478-38-8. It is a solid compound. For storage, it is recommended to keep the powder at room temperature. Detailed pharmacokinetic properties are not relevant as the compound is used in plant biology, not as a therapeutic agent.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Acetosyringone is generally considered to have low toxicity. It is a naturally occurring compound found in plants. However, as with all chemicals, standard laboratory safety precautions should be followed when handling Acetosyringone. Its use is limited to research applications in plant biology and genetic engineering.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Adiponitrile belongs to the acetophenone class of compounds. Its structure is 1-phenylacetophenone, with a hydroxyl group at the 4-position and a methoxy group at the 3- and 5-positions. It can be used as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, an anti-asthmatic drug, a non-narcotic analgesic, a peripheral nervous system drug, and a plant metabolite. It belongs to the acetophenone, dimethoxybenzene, and phenolic compounds. Adiponitrile has been reported to exist in belladonna, wheat, and other organisms with relevant data. Adiponitrile is a metabolite of or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Acetosyringone is a research compound and is not approved for any clinical or therapeutic use. It is a naturally occurring phenolic compound produced by wounded plant cells. Acetosyringone plays a critical role in plant-pathogen recognition and is a key signaling molecule in the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of plants. The virA gene encodes a membrane-bound protein that senses Acetosyringone, leading to autophosphorylation and activation of vir gene products. Acetosyringone is a valuable research tool in plant biology and genetic engineering for studying plant-pathogen interactions and improving plant transformation efficiency. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H12O4
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| Molecular Weight |
196.1999
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| Exact Mass |
196.073
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| CAS # |
2478-38-8
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| PubChem CID |
17198
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| Appearance |
Off-white to light brown solid powder
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| Density |
1.2±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
334.7±37.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
124-127 °C(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
131.7±20.0 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.8 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.528
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| LogP |
1.23
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
4
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
3
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
190
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
OJOBTAOGJIWAGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H12O4/c1-6(11)7-4-8(13-2)10(12)9(5-7)14-3/h4-5,12H,1-3H3
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| Chemical Name |
1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)ethanone
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~100 mg/mL (~509.68 mM)
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.74 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.0968 mL | 25.4842 mL | 50.9684 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0194 mL | 5.0968 mL | 10.1937 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5097 mL | 2.5484 mL | 5.0968 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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