| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1mg |
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| 5mg | |||
| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Target: fungi, yeast and gram-positive bacteria[1]
Fungal pathogens, including Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium. Pyrrolnitrin disrupts fungal energy production and hinders fungal growth. |
|---|---|
| ln Vitro |
At MIC values ranging from 0 to 100 μg/ml, pyrrolnitrin has antibiotic properties against a range of bacteria and fungi. With minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 50 μg/ml, 100 μg/ml, 0.78 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 12.5 μg/ml, and 1 μg/ml, respectively, it is effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium, Bacillus subtillis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, and Trichophyton rubrum1. A microtitre plate experiment demonstrates the antibacterial effect of pyrrolnitrin (0-100 μg/ml). With MIC of 6.25 μg/ml, it is effective against Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6051, Bacillus licheniformis ATCC 14580, Bacillus coagulans ATCC 7050, and Bacillus thuringiensis ATCC 10792.
Pyrrolnitrin exhibits potent antifungal activity against various fungal pathogens. It is active against isolates of the fungi C. albicans, C. neoformans, and B. dermatitidis. The compound is effective mainly against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium. |
| ln Vivo |
No detailed in vivo activity data in animal models has been reported for Pyrrolnitrin. It is primarily used as an agricultural fungicide. Its antifungal activity has been demonstrated in plant and crop protection applications.
|
| Enzyme Assay |
Antifungal susceptibility testing: Pyrrolnitrin is tested against various fungal strains using broth microdilution or agar diffusion methods according to CLSI guidelines. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are determined after incubation at appropriate temperatures for the test organisms.
|
| Cell Assay |
Antifungal activity is evaluated using standard broth microdilution assays against fungal strains including Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, Penicillium, Candida albicans, and Cryptococcus neoformans. MICs are determined after incubation.
|
| Animal Protocol |
Animal models of fungal infection could be used to evaluate Pyrrolnitrin in vivo. However, it is primarily used in agricultural applications rather than as a therapeutic agent for human fungal infections.
|
| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pyrrolnitrin has a molecular formula of C10H₆Cl2N2O2 and a molecular weight of 257.07. It appears as pale yellow crystals with a melting point of 124.5degC. It gradually changes to a red or brown color on exposure to sunlight and loses antibiotic activity.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
No detailed toxicity data has been published for Pyrrolnitrin in mammalian systems. As an agricultural fungicide, it is not intended for human therapeutic use.
|
| References |
[1]. K H van Pée, et al. Biosynthesis of Pyrrolnitrin and Other Phenylpyrrole Derivatives by Bacteria. Nat Prod Rep. 2000 Apr;17(2):157-64.
[2]. N el-Banna, et al. Pyrrolnitrin From Burkholderia Cepacia: Antibiotic Activity Against Fungi and Novel Activities Against Streptomycetes.J Appl Microbiol. 1998 Jul;85(1):69-78. [3]. R S Gordee, et al.Systemic Antifungal Activity of Pyrrolnitrin.Appl Microbiol. 1969 May;17(5):690-4. |
| Additional Infomation |
Pyrrolidone is a pyrrole compound with a chlorine atom at position 3 and a 3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl substituent at position 4. It is both a bacterial metabolite and an antifungal drug. It belongs to the pyrrole class, monochlorobenzene class, C-nitro compounds, and alkaloids. Pyrrolidone has been reported to exist in Pseudomonas, Burkholderia cepacia, and other microorganisms for which relevant data exist. Pyrrolidone is a pyrrole antifungal agent isolated from various Pseudomonas genera. Pyrrolidone interferes with terminal electron transport systems and inhibits cellular respiration. This compound is active against dermatophytes, especially Trichophyton. 3-Chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)pyrrole. An antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas pyrrole. It is mainly effective against Trichophyton, Microsporum, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium.
Pyrrolnitrin is a pyrrole antifungal antibiotic isolated from Pseudomonas species. It exhibits potent antifungal activity against Trichophyton, Microsporium, Epidermophyton, and Penicillium. It is widely used in agriculture to control fungal pathogens. The compound is for research use only. |
| Molecular Formula |
C10H6CL2N2O2
|
|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
257.07
|
| Exact Mass |
255.981
|
| CAS # |
1018-71-9
|
| PubChem CID |
13916
|
| Appearance |
Light green to green solid powder
|
| Density |
1.523g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
410.5ºC at 760mmHg
|
| Flash Point |
202.1ºC
|
| Vapour Pressure |
1.42E-06mmHg at 25°C
|
| Index of Refraction |
1.65
|
| Source |
Originated from microorganisms
|
| LogP |
4.419
|
| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
|
| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
2
|
| Rotatable Bond Count |
1
|
| Heavy Atom Count |
16
|
| Complexity |
272
|
| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
|
| SMILES |
ClC1C(C2C=CC=C(Cl)C=2[N+]([O-])=O)=CNC=1
|
| InChi Key |
QJBZDBLBQWFTPZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
|
| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C10H6Cl2N2O2/c11-8-3-1-2-6(10(8)14(15)16)7-4-13-5-9(7)12/h1-5,13H
|
| Chemical Name |
3-chloro-4-(3-chloro-2-nitrophenyl)-1H-pyrrole
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
|
| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO: ~100 mg/mL (~389.0 mM; with ultrasonication)
|
|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween-80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 400 μL of PEG300 and mix well; then add 50 μL of Tween-80 and mix well; finally add 450 μL of physiological saline and adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD saline and mix well. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (9.72 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), Clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of DMSO stock solution (25.0 mg/mL) to 900 μL of corn oil and mix well. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 3.8900 mL | 19.4500 mL | 38.8999 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.7780 mL | 3.8900 mL | 7.7800 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.3890 mL | 1.9450 mL | 3.8900 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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