| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
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| 50mg |
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| 100mg |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Proanthocyanidins have multiple targets and mechanisms of action. They act as potent antioxidants by scavenging free radicals. They exhibit anticancer effects through mechanisms involving inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis. They modulate inflammatory signaling pathways and exhibit antimicrobial activity through membrane disruption or enzyme inhibition. Their cardioprotective effects are related to improved blood circulation and reduced LDL oxidation.
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| ln Vitro |
Complex polymer combinations called proanthocyanidins are found in plants. Berries such as cranberries, apples, pears, and red wine, together with tea and chocolate, are the main sources of nutrition[1]. Because proanthocyanidin is found in cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.), it has the most intriguing antibacterial activity. The efficacy of cranberry consumption in avoiding urinary tract infections (UTIs) has been proven by several clinical trials. Escherichia coli is responsible for about 85% of UTIs, despite the fact that numerous other microbes can also cause them. As P-fimbriae are proteinaceous fibers on the bacterial cell wall, they are responsible for attachment to uroepithelial cells, which is why their presence on E. coli has been clearly identified as a virulence factor. According to recent research, cranberry proanthocyanidin may prevent P-fimbriated E. coli from sticking to uroepithelial cells. It seems that proanthocyanidin with at least one A-type linkage is associated with the antiadhesion activity of cranberry juice[1].
In vitro, proanthocyanidins demonstrate antioxidant activity in various assays, such as DPPH radical scavenging. They exhibit anticancer effects by inhibiting the growth of cancer cell lines. They show anti-inflammatory activity by reducing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. They also demonstrate antibacterial and antifungal activity against a range of pathogens. |
| ln Vivo |
Investigated are the effects of Proanthocyanidin from cacao liquor on 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine-induced mutagenesis and in vivo carcinogenesis in female Sprague-Dawley rats. When tested in the presence of the S-9 mixture, proanthocyanidin exhibits potent antimutagenic actions in the Ames test. They also considerably suppress breast carcinogenesis, but not rat pancreatic carcinogenesis in the start stage[1].
In vivo, proanthocyanidins are believed to support cardiovascular health by improving blood circulation, reducing blood pressure, and preventing the oxidation of LDL cholesterol. They possess anti-inflammatory effects and support immune function. They have been studied for their potential anti-cancer properties and for the treatment of chronic venous insufficiency, capillary fragility, sunburn, and retinopathy. |
| Enzyme Assay |
In vitro enzyme/receptor binding studies for proanthocyanidins are not typically focused on a single target due to their complex mixture nature. Studies may involve measuring their antioxidant capacity using assays like DPPH, ABTS, or FRAP. Their ability to inhibit enzymes such as cyclooxygenase (COX) or lipoxygenase (LOX) may be assessed for anti-inflammatory activity. Binding to proteins may be studied using surface plasmon resonance.
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| Cell Assay |
In vitro cellular assays for proanthocyanidins involve culturing cancer cell lines (e.g., breast, colon, prostate) in the presence of serial dilutions of the extract. Cell viability is assessed using MTT or CellTiter-Glo assays. Apoptosis is quantified by flow cytometry with Annexin V/PI staining. Anti-inflammatory activity is assessed in macrophages by measuring cytokine production (e.g., TNF-α, IL-6) upon LPS stimulation.
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| Animal Protocol |
In vivo animal studies for proanthocyanidins include models of cardiovascular disease, inflammation, and cancer. For cardiovascular studies, animals are treated with proanthocyanidins and blood pressure, lipid profiles, and markers of oxidative stress are measured. For anti-inflammatory studies, models such as carrageenan-induced paw edema are used. Standard protocols include dose-response assessment and comparison to vehicle or reference treatments.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of proanthocyanidins are complex due to their polymeric nature and mixture of compounds. They have a molecular weight of 594.52 and a molecular formula of C₃₀H₂₆O₁₃ for the monomeric unit. They are poorly absorbed and are extensively metabolized by gut microbiota. Their bioavailability is low, and they are primarily excreted in feces. Their metabolites may contribute to their biological activity.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicological data for proanthocyanidins indicate that they are generally safe, as they are naturally occurring compounds found in many foods. They are considered to have low toxicity. High doses may cause gastrointestinal upset. They are not considered carcinogenic or mutagenic. Their use as dietary supplements is common, and they have a favorable safety profile.
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| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Procyanidin are oligomeric compounds formed from catechin and epicatechin molecules. They depolymerize under oxidative conditions to form anthocyanins. Procyanidin have been reported to exist in wild peas (Lathyrus laxiflorus), purple grapes (Vitis amurensis), and other organisms with relevant data.
Proanthocyanidins are a class of polyphenolic compounds with diverse pharmacological properties. They are also known as condensed tannins. They are used as antioxidants and are studied for their potential in treating various diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory conditions. They are available as dietary supplements and are found in many foods such as grapes, berries, and cocoa. |
| Molecular Formula |
C30H26O13
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| Molecular Weight |
594.519649982452
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| Exact Mass |
594.137
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| CAS # |
20347-71-1
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| PubChem CID |
107876
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| Appearance |
Light brown to black solid powder
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| Density |
1.9±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
986.4±65.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Flash Point |
550.3±34.3 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.3 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.876
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| LogP |
1.46
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
10
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
13
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
43
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| Complexity |
957
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
HGVVOUNEGQIPMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C30H26O13/c31-14-7-19(35)16-11-25(28(41-23(16)9-14)12-1-3-17(33)20(36)5-12)43-30(13-2-4-18(34)21(37)6-13)29(40)27(39)26-22(38)8-15(32)10-24(26)42-30/h1-10,25,27-29,31-40H,11H2
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| Chemical Name |
2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-[[2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-chromen-3-yl]oxy]-3,4-dihydrochromene-3,4,5,7-tetrol
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 100 mg/mL
H2O : 5 mg/mL |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), suspension solution; with sonication.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (Infinity mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. (Please use freshly prepared in vivo formulations for optimal results.) |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 1.6820 mL | 8.4101 mL | 16.8203 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.3364 mL | 1.6820 mL | 3.3641 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.1682 mL | 0.8410 mL | 1.6820 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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