| Size | Price | |
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| Other Sizes |
| Targets |
Isobutylparaben targets multiple cellular components including the estrogen receptor (ER), constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR). It has been shown to displace [3H]oestradiol from the cytosolic estrogen receptor α of MCF7 human breast cancer cells, suggesting competitive interaction. Additionally, it is a CAR activator and affects pathways involved in apoptosis, bacterial inhibition, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) modulation.
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| ln Vitro |
Isobutylparaben demonstrates broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity in vitro against various microorganisms. In antimicrobial assays using the broth microdilution method followed by resazurin assay, isobutylparaben showed bactericidal activity. It has been used in studies of receptor activation, cellular responses, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. The compound exhibits estrogenic activity through competitive binding to estrogen receptors, as demonstrated in GH3 rat pituitary cells.
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| ln Vivo |
In vivo studies have shown that isobutylparaben can affect endocrine function through estrogen receptor-mediated mechanisms. It has been investigated for additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects on estrogenic activity in combination with other compounds. However, detailed in vivo efficacy data for therapeutic applications remain limited, as isobutylparaben is primarily used as a preservative rather than a therapeutic agent. The compound's systemic effects are typically evaluated in the context of toxicology and safety assessments rather than therapeutic efficacy.
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| Enzyme Assay |
For antimicrobial susceptibility testing, isobutylparaben is evaluated using the broth microdilution method followed by resazurin assay. Serial two-fold dilutions of the compound are prepared in appropriate growth media and inoculated with standardized bacterial suspensions. After incubation, resazurin is added as a viability indicator, and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) is determined as the lowest concentration preventing color change from blue to pink. For estrogen receptor binding assays, competitive displacement of [3H]oestradiol from cytosolic estrogen receptor α is measured using scintillation counting.
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| Cell Assay |
For cellular studies, MCF7 human breast cancer cells or GH3 rat pituitary cells are cultured in appropriate media and treated with isobutylparaben at various concentrations. Estrogenic activity is assessed by measuring estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) reporter gene expression. Cell viability and proliferation are evaluated using standard assays such as MTT. Apoptosis is assessed through caspase activity or flow cytometry. Antimicrobial activity is evaluated using broth microdilution with appropriate bacterial strains and determination of MIC values.
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| Animal Protocol |
For in vivo toxicology studies, animal models are used to assess the endocrine-disrupting potential and systemic effects of isobutylparaben. Rodents are typically administered the compound via oral gavage or dietary exposure at various doses over defined periods. Endpoints include evaluation of reproductive organ weights, hormone levels, and histopathological examination of tissues. However, detailed in vivo protocols for isobutylparaben as a therapeutic agent are not extensively documented, as it is primarily used as a preservative rather than a drug.
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Pharmacokinetic properties of isobutylparaben have been characterized in the context of its use as a preservative. As a small lipophilic molecule (MW 194.23), it is readily absorbed through skin and gastrointestinal tract. Metabolism occurs primarily via hydrolysis of the ester bond to form 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, which is then conjugated and excreted in urine. The compound has been detected in human biological samples, indicating systemic absorption following topical or oral exposure. However, comprehensive PK parameters such as half-life and volume of distribution are primarily available from toxicokinetic studies.
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| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Isobutylparaben is generally recognized as safe for use as a preservative at low concentrations but has been associated with endocrine-disrupting effects at higher exposures. In vitro genotoxicity studies showed that isobutylparaben at 250 µg/mL induced a higher number of dicentric chromosomes and minute fragments in lymphocytes. It has been investigated for its estrogenic activity and potential effects on reproductive health. Due to safety concerns, the use of isobutylparaben in cosmetics and food products is regulated in many countries.
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| References |
[1]. Chieri Fujino, et al. Comparative Study of the Effect of 17 Parabens on PXR-, CAR- And PPARα-mediated Transcriptional Activation. Food Chem Toxicol. 2019 Nov;133:110792.
[2]. Fei Meng, et al. Isobutylparaben Negatively Affects Porcine Oocyte Maturation Through Increasing Oxidative Stress and Cytoskeletal Abnormalities. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2020 Apr;61(4):433-444. |
| Additional Infomation |
Isobutyl p-hydroxybenzoate is a 4-hydroxybenzoic acid ester.
Toxicological studies have raised concerns about the endocrine-disrupting potential of isobutylparaben, as it exhibits estrogenic activity through competitive binding to estrogen receptors. In vitro genotoxicity assessments showed that isobutylparaben at 250 µg/mL induced dicentric chromosomes and minute fragments in lymphocytes. The compound has been evaluated for its effects on reproductive health and hormone-dependent cancers. Regulatory agencies have established maximum allowable concentrations for isobutylparaben in cosmetics and personal care products. It is for research use only and not approved as a therapeutic agent. |
| Molecular Formula |
C11H14O3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
194.23
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| Exact Mass |
194.094
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| CAS # |
4247-02-3
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| Related CAS # |
Isobutylparaben-d4;1219805-33-0
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| PubChem CID |
20240
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| Appearance |
Typically exists as solid at room temperature
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| Density |
1.1±0.1 g/cm3
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| Boiling Point |
302.3±15.0 °C at 760 mmHg
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| Melting Point |
76°C
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| Flash Point |
125.4±13.2 °C
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| Vapour Pressure |
0.0±0.7 mmHg at 25°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.524
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| LogP |
3.28
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
1
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
4
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| Heavy Atom Count |
14
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| Complexity |
181
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| SMILES |
O=C(OCC(C)C)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1
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| InChi Key |
XPJVKCRENWUEJH-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C11H14O3/c1-8(2)7-14-11(13)9-3-5-10(12)6-4-9/h3-6,8,12H,7H2,1-2H3
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| Chemical Name |
2-methylpropyl 4-hydroxybenzoate
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : 100 mg/mL (514.85 mM)
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|---|---|
| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 25.0 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: ≥ 2.5 mg/mL (12.87 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% Corn Oil (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 5.1485 mL | 25.7427 mL | 51.4854 mL | |
| 5 mM | 1.0297 mL | 5.1485 mL | 10.2971 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.5149 mL | 2.5743 mL | 5.1485 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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