| Size | Price | Stock | Qty |
|---|---|---|---|
| 250mg |
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| 500mg |
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| 1g |
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| Other Sizes |
Purity: ≥98%
| ln Vitro |
Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) is occasionally added to the running buffer when using agarose gel electrophoresis to separate DNA fragments. It is utilized because the DNA banding pattern can be seen when the molecule binds to the DNA and is illuminated with a UV light source. Intercalation between base pairs is how EtBr binds. The DNA molecule's weight, charge, conformation, and flexibility are all altered by this binding. DNA has always moved less freely in the gels containing EtBr[1].
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| ADME/Pharmacokinetics |
Metabolism / Metabolites
Pretreatment with phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (3-MC) significantly enhanced the metabolism of ethidium bromide in isolated rat hepatocytes. Compared with untreated rat hepatocytes, PB and 3-MC pretreatment increased the content of the major metabolite ethidium bromide 8-N-glucuronide by 2.5-fold and 1.5-fold, respectively. Neither PB nor 3-MC pretreatment enhanced the formation of ethidium bromide 3-N-glucuronide. Two novel metabolites, hydroxyethidium bromide glucuronide and a transient unidentified substance, were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). These metabolites were generated exclusively by animal hepatocytes pretreated with 3-MC. |
| Toxicity/Toxicokinetics |
Toxicity Data
LC50 (Rat) = 11,000-134,000 mg/m³/1hr Interactions Bleomycin is an antitumor drug whose cytotoxicity is associated with the introduction of single-strand and double-strand breaks in cellular DNA. In experiments isolating cell nuclei, low concentrations of ethidium bromide significantly enhanced bleomycin-induced nuclear chromatin release. In vitro treatment of mouse L1210 leukemia cells with low concentrations of ethidium bromide followed by bleomycin treatment 1 hour later produced a synergistic effect, with an efficacy 8 times greater than that of either drug alone. Interestingly, when the order of drug addition was reversed, the synergistic effect was significantly reduced (2-fold). The combined use of DNA unwinding agents and strand-breaking agents may represent a novel and rational approach to cancer chemotherapy. Non-human toxicity values Mouse subcutaneous injection LD50: 110 mg/kg Mouse intraperitoneal injection LD50: 20 mg/kg Rat intravenous injection LD50: 27 mg/kg Rat subcutaneous injection LD50: 80 mg/kg For more complete non-human toxicity data for ethidium bromide (6 types), please visit the HSDB record page. |
| References | |
| Additional Infomation |
Ethidium bromide is an organic bromide salt of ethidium. It acts as a trypanosome killer, anti-aging agent, and intercalating agent. It contains one ethidium atom. Ethidium bromide is a trypanosome killer and may also be an antiviral agent, widely used in experimental cell biology and biochemistry. Ethidium has various experimental application properties, including binding to nucleic acids, non-competitive inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, and fluorescence. Its most commonly used form is the bromide. Mechanism of Action: Ethidium bromide (EB) is an intercalating agent that has been shown to prevent the in vitro interaction of estrogen receptor (R) with DNA. We now investigated the effect of this drug on R nuclear translocation to determine whether DNA integrity is necessary for this translocation. In a cell-free recombinant system consisting of purified nuclei and cytoplasm, pretreatment of nuclei with estradiol benzoate (EB) prevented approximately half of the estrogen receptor (R) nuclear translocation, but could not extract more than 17% of the previously translocated estradiol-R complex. A series of indirect evidences suggest that EB inhibits the nuclear translocation of R through interaction with nuclear DNA. The degree of inhibition correlates with the amount of drug bound to the nucleus and is consistent with the degree of chromatin ultrastructural modification. The drug did not cause irreversible changes to R. Inhibition of EB was observed only in DNA-containing particles and in estrogen receptors capable of binding to DNA. In viable uteruses, the drug also inhibited the nuclear translocation of R. These results indicate the existence of two types of nuclear translocation of R, one sensitive to EB and the other resistant to EB, suggesting that DNA is essential for the EB-sensitive translocation.
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| Molecular Formula |
C21H20BRN3
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|---|---|
| Molecular Weight |
394.31
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| Exact Mass |
393.084
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| Elemental Analysis |
C, 63.97; H, 5.11; Br, 20.26; N, 10.66
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| CAS # |
1239-45-8
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| Related CAS # |
1239-45-8 (Br); 3546-21-2; 602-52-8 (Cl)
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| PubChem CID |
14710
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| Appearance |
Brown to reddish brown solid powder
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| Melting Point |
260-262 °C (dec.)(lit.)
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| Flash Point |
>100°C
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| Index of Refraction |
1.4575 (20ºC)
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| LogP |
2.298
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| Hydrogen Bond Donor Count |
2
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| Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count |
3
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| Rotatable Bond Count |
2
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| Heavy Atom Count |
25
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| Complexity |
419
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| Defined Atom Stereocenter Count |
0
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| InChi Key |
ZMMJGEGLRURXTF-UHFFFAOYSA-N
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| InChi Code |
InChI=1S/C21H19N3.BrH/c1-2-24-20-13-16(23)9-11-18(20)17-10-8-15(22)12-19(17)21(24)14-6-4-3-5-7-14;/h3-13,23H,2,22H2,1H3;1H
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| Chemical Name |
5-ethyl-6-phenylphenanthridin-5-ium-3,8-diamine;bromide
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| Synonyms |
Dromilac; ETHIDIUM BROMIDE; EtBr; Homidium bromide
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| HS Tariff Code |
2934.99.9001
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| Storage |
Powder -20°C 3 years 4°C 2 years In solvent -80°C 6 months -20°C 1 month Note: Please store this product in a sealed and protected environment (e.g. under nitrogen), avoid exposure to moisture and light. |
| Shipping Condition |
Room temperature (This product is stable at ambient temperature for a few days during ordinary shipping and time spent in Customs)
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| Solubility (In Vitro) |
DMSO : ~78 mg/mL (~197.8 mM)
Ethanol : ~1 mg/mL (~2.5 mM) Water : ~7 mg/mL (~17.8 mM) |
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| Solubility (In Vivo) |
Solubility in Formulation 1: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.28 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 40% PEG300 + 5% Tween80 + 45% Saline (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution.
For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 400 μL PEG300 and mix evenly; then add 50 μL Tween-80 to the above solution and mix evenly; then add 450 μL normal saline to adjust the volume to 1 mL. Preparation of saline: Dissolve 0.9 g of sodium chloride in 100 mL ddH₂ O to obtain a clear solution. Solubility in Formulation 2: ≥ 2.08 mg/mL (5.28 mM) (saturation unknown) in 10% DMSO + 90% (20% SBE-β-CD in Saline) (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution. For example, if 1 mL of working solution is to be prepared, you can add 100 μL of 20.8 mg/mL clear DMSO stock solution to 900 μL of 20% SBE-β-CD physiological saline solution and mix evenly. Preparation of 20% SBE-β-CD in Saline (4°C，1 week): Dissolve 2 g SBE-β-CD in 10 mL saline to obtain a clear solution. View More
Solubility in Formulation 3: 9.09 mg/mL (23.05 mM) in PBS (add these co-solvents sequentially from left to right, and one by one), clear solution; with ultrasonication (<60°C). |
| Preparing Stock Solutions | 1 mg | 5 mg | 10 mg | |
| 1 mM | 2.5361 mL | 12.6804 mL | 25.3608 mL | |
| 5 mM | 0.5072 mL | 2.5361 mL | 5.0722 mL | |
| 10 mM | 0.2536 mL | 1.2680 mL | 2.5361 mL |
*Note: Please select an appropriate solvent for the preparation of stock solution based on your experiment needs. For most products, DMSO can be used for preparing stock solutions (e.g. 5 mM, 10 mM, or 20 mM concentration); some products with high aqueous solubility may be dissolved in water directly. Solubility information is available at the above Solubility Data section. Once the stock solution is prepared, aliquot it to routine usage volumes and store at -20°C or -80°C. Avoid repeated freeze and thaw cycles.
Calculation results
Working concentration： mg/mL；
Method for preparing DMSO stock solution： mg drug pre-dissolved in μL DMSO (stock solution concentration mg/mL). Please contact us first if the concentration exceeds the DMSO solubility of the batch of drug.
Method for preparing in vivo formulation:：Take μL DMSO stock solution, next add μL PEG300, mix and clarify, next addμL Tween 80, mix and clarify, next add μL ddH2O，mix and clarify.
(1) Please be sure that the solution is clear before the addition of next solvent. Dissolution methods like vortex, ultrasound or warming and heat may be used to aid dissolving.
(2) Be sure to add the solvent(s) in order.
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